Psychoanalysis: Difference between revisions

From Citizendium
Jump to navigation Jump to search
imported>Howard C. Berkowitz
(initially copied from psychotherapy)
 
mNo edit summary
 
(8 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
<!--initially copied from [[psychotherapy]]-->
{{subpages}}
Although there are some bodies of thought in psychology without [[Sigmund Freud]] in their legacy, most can be traced back to his work starting in the [[1880s]] in Vienna.  Trained as a [[neurologist]], Freud began noticing neurological problems in patients that had no discernible [[Biological process|biological]] basis. Seeing [[blindness]], [[paralysis]] and [[anorexia (symptom)|anorexia]] with no apparent physical cause, he looked towards the mind for answers.  Finding some evidence that those who were [[mentally ill]] could exhibit physical symptoms, he discovered colleagues and teachers who were equally perplexed and interested in such matters like [[Josef Breuer]] and [[Jean-Martin Charcot]].
{{TOC|right}}
<!--initially copied from [[psychotherapy]]; removing all WP content-->
'''Psychoanalysis''' is a means of understanding human thought and emotions, as well as potentially treating malfunctions, originating with the work of [[Sigmund Freud]].  A [[neurology|neurologist]] by training, he saw symptomatology that could not be explained by the neurobiology of the time. Part of the reason psychoanalysis is sometimes considered prescientific, or even [[pseudoscience]], is the much greater modern understanding of [[neuroscience]]s.  Nevertheless, he did examine how what he termed conscious and unconscious thinking could affect a patient's world view.  


Freud opened up a private practice in 1886 until 1896 that mostly treated women who showed symptoms of [[hysteria]] (which, at that time, was very loosely defined).  Using such techniques as [[dream interpretation]], [[free association]], [[transference]] and analysis of the [[id, ego and superego]], his colleagues developed a system of psychotherapy termed ''[[psychoanalysis]]''. Students and colleagues of his such as [[Alfred Adler]], [[Otto Rank]], and [[Carl Jung]] became psychoanalysts themselves, and formed their own differentiating systems of psychotherapy. These were all later termed under a more broad label of ''[[psychodynamic]]'', meaning anything that involved the [[psyche]]'s [[conscious]]/[[unconscious]] influence on external relationships and the self. [[Psychodynamic psychotherapy]] and [[psychoanalysis]] are considered to be particularly effective at treating certain [[mental disorders]], such as [[personality disorders]] and [[mood disorders]]. However, these methods require hundreds of sessions over a period of several years.
A broader view today bases [[psychodynamic psychotherapy]] on principles derived from psychoanalysis.
==Theory==
Freud began a private practice in Vienna in 1886 through 1896, in which he abstracted concepts from his observations of his patients.  
<!-- Using such techniques as [[dream interpretation]], [[free association]], [[transference]] and analysis of the [[id, ego and superego]], his colleagues developed a system of psychotherapy termed ''[[psychoanalysis]]''. -->
trying to help patients as well as himself, developed a provocative and influential [[theory]] of [[psychoanalysis]]. Freud suggested that persons go through so-called ''psychosexual stages'' of development which he named ''oral'' (sucking and eating as a baby), ''anal'' (pleasure from bodily control over waste), ''phallic'' ([[sexual desire]] related to the opposite&ndash;sex [[parent]]), ''latency'' (an intermediate stage characterized by less interest in sex), and ''genital'' (for [[teenager|adolescents]] onwards where sexual urges are expressed in [[sexual intercourse|sexual]] relationships). Freud suggested that persons who get ''stuck'' at one stage (he used the term ''[[fixation (psychology)|fixation]]'') have trouble progressing to later stages and developing fully as persons, which prevented them from attaining an intelligent balance between his hypothetical three basic structures of the [[personality]]. These parts were: the ''[[id (psychology)|id]]'' (basic powerful [[subconscious]] drives such as hunger and sex), the ''[[superego]]'' (a [[conscience]] and internalized [[parent|parental]] guide emphasizing rules and order), and the ''[[ego (psychology)|ego]]'', an adult reality&ndash;based mechanism to resolve conflicts between the ''id'' and ''superego''. According to Freud, when conflicts are not handled properly, the mind can engage in a variety of so-called ''defense mechanisms'' (his terms: ''Denial, Displacement, Intellectualization, Projection, Repression, Rationalization, Reaction Formation'', and ''Sublimation'') to cope, but his therapy was based on teaching a person to [[understanding|understand]] these mechanisms and resolve conflicts as a mature and reasonable adult.<ref name=FreudCiv>{{cite news
|author= Freud, Sigmund; ed. McLintock, David
|title= Civilization and Its Discontents
|publisher= Penguin Books Ltd.
| ISBN-= 978-0-141-18236-0 
|date=2002
|accessdate= 2010-04-28
}}</ref>
==Psychoanalytic psychotherapy==
===Transference and countertransference===
In psychoanalysis, as the analysand forms associations, he or she is believed to go through a process of transference, in which the analyst represents a significant childhood or other figure. While classic psychoanalysis does not use role-playing, once a state of transference exists, the patient may be able to verbalize previously unconscious conflicts with that figure.


Current psychodynamic approaches continue to develop and change. Contemporary Freudian approaches usually retain Freud's emphasis on sexuality, aggression, and mental conflict, and often prefer insight-oriented, uncovering psychotherapy to more supportive techniques. Contemporary Freudians, for the most part, continue to believe that psychotherapy is most effective when it leads to increased self-knowledge on the part of the patient.  Other current psychodynamic approaches—such as object-relational and self-psychological approaches—prefer techniques designed to change the patient's habitual patterns of living by building an especially authentic or supportive relationship with the analyst that is believed to help the patient learn new ways of relating to others and to life in general.
Countertransference is the formation of attitudes about the analysand by the analyst, and can interfere with the process. Analysts often stay in training analysis, or discuss cases with a colleague, to resolve countertransferences and other problems with the analysis to which the analyst contributes.
===Flight into health===
A psychodynamic term of obscure origin is the "flight into health". <blockquote>Although its origin remains a mystery, the term flight into health  has been part of the psychotherapeutic lexicon for more than half a century. Historically, the term has been used as an interpretative label, suggesting that patients who responded “too quickly” to therapeutic intervention were actually engaging in escape tactics. According to this view, rapid responses to therapy were attempts to avoid the pain and anxiety of further exploration and self-disclosure.<ref>{{citation
| doi = 10.1177/0022167899394004   
| title = Journal of Humanistic Psychology  | date = October 1999  | volume = 39  | issue = 4
| pages = 58-81 
| title = (abstract) Flight into Health: A New Interpretation
| author =  Willard B. Frick
}}</ref></blockquote>
==Major students==
Several of his close associates, including [[Alfred Adler]], [[Carl Jung]] and [[Otto Rank]] eventually broke away to develop their own styles of psychotherapy.  


The psychoanalytic community has recently begun to put extensive effort into researching the efficacy and process of psychoanalytic treatment.
Others, such as [[Karen Horney]], stayed with a Freudian approach but developed it further. Frieda Fromm-Reichmann (1889–1957) was a psychiatrist and contemporary of Sigmund Freud who pioneered an intensive method of psychoanalysis which emphasized [[empathy]], honesty, and directness, and she came to believe that experiences in early life were more important than psychosexual motivations in mental health.<ref name=PBS-FFR>{{cite news
|title= Frieda Fromm-Reichmann
|publisher= NPR
|date= 2010-04-28
|url= http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/bhfrom.html
|accessdate= 2010-04-28
}}</ref>
==Modern derivatives==
 
<!--Current psychodynamic approaches continue to develop and change.  Contemporary Freudian approaches usually retain Freud's emphasis on sexuality, aggression, and mental conflict, and often prefer insight-oriented, uncovering psychotherapy to more supportive techniques.  Contemporary Freudians, for the most part, continue to believe that psychotherapy is most effective when it leads to increased self-knowledge on the part of the patient.  Other current psychodynamic approaches—such as object-relational and self-psychological approaches—prefer techniques designed to change the patient's habitual patterns of living by building an especially authentic or supportive relationship with the analyst that is believed to help the patient learn new ways of relating to others and to life in general.
The psychoanalytic community has recently begun to put extensive effort into researching the efficacy and process of psychoanalytic treatment.-->
==References==
{{reflist}}[[Category:Suggestion Bot Tag]]

Latest revision as of 06:01, 8 October 2024

This article is developing and not approved.
 Main Article
 Discussion
Related Articles  [?]
Bibliography  [?]
External Links  [?]
Citable Version  [?]
 
https://en.citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Psychoanalysis&printable=yes
This editable Main Article is under development and subject to a disclaimer.

Psychoanalysis is a means of understanding human thought and emotions, as well as potentially treating malfunctions, originating with the work of Sigmund Freud. A neurologist by training, he saw symptomatology that could not be explained by the neurobiology of the time. Part of the reason psychoanalysis is sometimes considered prescientific, or even pseudoscience, is the much greater modern understanding of neurosciences. Nevertheless, he did examine how what he termed conscious and unconscious thinking could affect a patient's world view.

A broader view today bases psychodynamic psychotherapy on principles derived from psychoanalysis.

Theory

Freud began a private practice in Vienna in 1886 through 1896, in which he abstracted concepts from his observations of his patients. trying to help patients as well as himself, developed a provocative and influential theory of psychoanalysis. Freud suggested that persons go through so-called psychosexual stages of development which he named oral (sucking and eating as a baby), anal (pleasure from bodily control over waste), phallic (sexual desire related to the opposite–sex parent), latency (an intermediate stage characterized by less interest in sex), and genital (for adolescents onwards where sexual urges are expressed in sexual relationships). Freud suggested that persons who get stuck at one stage (he used the term fixation) have trouble progressing to later stages and developing fully as persons, which prevented them from attaining an intelligent balance between his hypothetical three basic structures of the personality. These parts were: the id (basic powerful subconscious drives such as hunger and sex), the superego (a conscience and internalized parental guide emphasizing rules and order), and the ego, an adult reality–based mechanism to resolve conflicts between the id and superego. According to Freud, when conflicts are not handled properly, the mind can engage in a variety of so-called defense mechanisms (his terms: Denial, Displacement, Intellectualization, Projection, Repression, Rationalization, Reaction Formation, and Sublimation) to cope, but his therapy was based on teaching a person to understand these mechanisms and resolve conflicts as a mature and reasonable adult.[1]

Psychoanalytic psychotherapy

Transference and countertransference

In psychoanalysis, as the analysand forms associations, he or she is believed to go through a process of transference, in which the analyst represents a significant childhood or other figure. While classic psychoanalysis does not use role-playing, once a state of transference exists, the patient may be able to verbalize previously unconscious conflicts with that figure.

Countertransference is the formation of attitudes about the analysand by the analyst, and can interfere with the process. Analysts often stay in training analysis, or discuss cases with a colleague, to resolve countertransferences and other problems with the analysis to which the analyst contributes.

Flight into health

A psychodynamic term of obscure origin is the "flight into health".

Although its origin remains a mystery, the term flight into health has been part of the psychotherapeutic lexicon for more than half a century. Historically, the term has been used as an interpretative label, suggesting that patients who responded “too quickly” to therapeutic intervention were actually engaging in escape tactics. According to this view, rapid responses to therapy were attempts to avoid the pain and anxiety of further exploration and self-disclosure.[2]

Major students

Several of his close associates, including Alfred Adler, Carl Jung and Otto Rank eventually broke away to develop their own styles of psychotherapy.

Others, such as Karen Horney, stayed with a Freudian approach but developed it further. Frieda Fromm-Reichmann (1889–1957) was a psychiatrist and contemporary of Sigmund Freud who pioneered an intensive method of psychoanalysis which emphasized empathy, honesty, and directness, and she came to believe that experiences in early life were more important than psychosexual motivations in mental health.[3]

Modern derivatives

References

  1. ↑ Freud, Sigmund; ed. McLintock, David. "Civilization and Its Discontents", Penguin Books Ltd., 2002. Retrieved on 2010-04-28.
  2. ↑ Willard B. Frick (October 1999), (abstract) Flight into Health: A New Interpretation, vol. 39, DOI:10.1177/0022167899394004, at 58-81
  3. ↑ Frieda Fromm-Reichmann, NPR, 2010-04-28. Retrieved on 2010-04-28.
Retrieved from "https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Psychoanalysis&oldid=985991"