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'''Phonetics'''<ref>From the [[Greek language|Greek]] word φωνή, ''phone'' = sound/voice.</ref> is the study of [[sound]]s produced by the [[human voice]] - speech sounds in particular. It is concerned with the actual properties of speech sounds as well as those of non-speech sounds, and their production, audition and perception, as opposed to [[phonology]], which is the study of abstract units (such as [[phoneme]]s and [[distinctive feature]]s) which underlie both [[speech]] and [[written language|writing]]. Phonetics deals with the sounds themselves, as articulated, acoustic, and audited phenomena, rather than with the contexts in which they are used in [[language]]s. While [[writing system]]s and [[alphabet]]s often attempt to represent the sounds of speech, phoneticians are more concerned with the sounds themselves than the [[symbol]]s used to represent them. | |||
Phonetics has three main branches: | Phonetics has three main branches: | ||
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*[[auditory phonetics]], concerned with speech perception, principally how the brain forms perceptual representations of the input it receives. | *[[auditory phonetics]], concerned with speech perception, principally how the brain forms perceptual representations of the input it receives. | ||
There are over a hundred different phones recognized as distinctive by the [[International Phonetic Association]] (IPA) and transcribed in | Phonetics is generally considered to be a field of modern [[linguistics]], though sometimes 'Linguistics and Phonetics' is found in the literature, indicating that phonetics in itself is not always directly concerned with the sounds of [[language (general)|language]]. Indeed, phoneticians may make reference to sounds that are physically possible to produce, but unattested in any languages. The front low vowel [ɶ], for instance, seems to be absent from the phonology and phonetics of the world's languages, though inevitably this claim has not gone unchallenged. | ||
There are over a hundred different phones recognized as distinctive by the [[International Phonetic Association]] (IPA) and transcribed in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]]. | |||
Phonetics was studied as early as 2500 years ago in [[Indian subcontinent|ancient India]], with {{Unicode|[[Pāṇini]]'s}} account of the place and manner of articulation of consonants in his [[5th century BC|5th century BCE]] treatise on [[Sanskrit]]. The major [[Brahmic family|Indic alphabets]] today, except [[Tamil script]], order their consonants according to {{Unicode|Pāṇini's}} classification. | Phonetics was studied as early as 2500 years ago in [[Indian subcontinent|ancient India]], with {{Unicode|[[Pāṇini]]'s}} account of the place and manner of articulation of consonants in his [[5th century BC|5th century BCE]] treatise on [[Sanskrit]]. The major [[Brahmic family|Indic alphabets]] today, except [[Tamil script]], order their consonants according to {{Unicode|Pāṇini's}} classification. | ||
[[Image:Vowels-spectrogram-british-english-adult-male.jpg|thumb|right|500px|Phonetics often involves modern [[technology]] to analyse [[speech]]. This [[spectrogram]] as used in [[acoustic phonetics]] shows the [[frequency|frequencies]] of vibrations involved in the production of six [[British English]] [[vowel]]s by an adult [[male]] [[native speaker]]: from left to right, the vowels as in ''bee'', ''sue'', ''herd'', ''or'', ''bar'' and ''buy''. The bands of energy ([[formant]]s) are distinctive for each vowel; for example, the lower the bottom formant ('F1'), the higher the vowel is articulated in the [[mouth]]. This image was created using the [http://www.praat.org Praat] freeware program.]] | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
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*[[Phonology]] | *[[Phonology]] | ||
==External links | ==External links== | ||
*[http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/ UCLA lab data] | *[http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/ UCLA lab data] | ||
*[http://archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/ UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive] | *[http://archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/ UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive] | ||
*[http://www.ling.lu.se/research/speechtutorial/tutorial.html Speech Analysis Tutorial] | *[http://www.ling.lu.se/research/speechtutorial/tutorial.html Speech Analysis Tutorial] | ||
*[http://sail.usc.edu/span/video.php Real-time MRI video of the articulation of speech sounds, from the USC Speech Articulation and kNowledge (SPAN) Group] | *[http://sail.usc.edu/span/video.php Real-time MRI video of the articulation of speech sounds, from the USC Speech Articulation and kNowledge (SPAN) Group] | ||
==Bibliography== | ==Bibliography== | ||
*Catford, J. C. (1977). ''Fundamental problems in phonetics''. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-32520-X. | |||
* Catford, J. C. (1977). ''Fundamental problems in phonetics''. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-32520-X. | *Clark, John; & Yallop, Colin. (1995). ''An introduction to phonetics and phonology'' (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19452-5. | ||
* Clark, John; & Yallop, Colin. (1995). ''An introduction to phonetics and phonology'' (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19452-5. | *Hardcastle, William J.; & Laver, John (Eds.). (1997). ''The handbook of phonetic sciences''. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-6311-8848-7. | ||
* Hardcastle, William J.; & Laver, John (Eds.). (1997). ''The handbook of phonetic sciences''. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-6311-8848-7. | *[[Peter Ladefoged|Ladefoged, Peter]]. (1982). ''A course in phonetics'' (2nd ed.). London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. | ||
* [[Peter Ladefoged|Ladefoged, Peter]]. (1982). ''A course in phonetics'' (2nd ed.). London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. | *Ladefoged, Peter. (2003). ''Phonetic data analysis: An introduction to fieldwork and instrumental techniques''. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-23269-9 (hbk); ISBN 0-631-23270-2 (pbk). | ||
* Ladefoged, Peter. (2003). ''Phonetic data analysis: An introduction to fieldwork and instrumental techniques''. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-23269-9 (hbk); ISBN 0-631-23270-2 (pbk). | |||
*Ladefoged, Peter; & Maddieson, Ian. (1996). ''The sounds of the world's languages''. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-19814-8 (hbk); ISBN 0-631-19815-6 (pbk). | *Ladefoged, Peter; & Maddieson, Ian. (1996). ''The sounds of the world's languages''. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-19814-8 (hbk); ISBN 0-631-19815-6 (pbk). | ||
* [[Ian Maddieson|Maddieson, Ian]]. (1984). ''Patterns of sounds''. Cambridge studies in speech science and communication. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. | *[[Ian Maddieson|Maddieson, Ian]]. (1984). ''Patterns of sounds''. Cambridge studies in speech science and communication. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. | ||
* Pike, Kenneth L. (1943). ''Phonetics: A critical analysis of phonetic theory and a technic for the practical description of sounds''. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. | *Pike, Kenneth L. (1943). ''Phonetics: A critical analysis of phonetic theory and a technic for the practical description of sounds''. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. | ||
* Pisoni, David B.; & Remez, Robert E. (Eds.). (2004). ''The handbook of speech perception''. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-6312-2927-2. | *Pisoni, David B.; & Remez, Robert E. (Eds.). (2004). ''The handbook of speech perception''. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-6312-2927-2. | ||
* Rogers, Henry. (2000). ''The Sounds of Language: An Introduction to Phonetics''. Harlow, Essex: Pearson. ISBN 0-582-38182-7. | *Rogers, Henry. (2000). ''The Sounds of Language: An Introduction to Phonetics''. Harlow, Essex: Pearson. ISBN 0-582-38182-7. | ||
* Stevens, Kenneth N. (1998). ''Acoustic phonetics''. Current studies in linguistics (No. 30). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 0-2621-9404-X. | *Stevens, Kenneth N. (1998). ''Acoustic phonetics''. Current studies in linguistics (No. 30). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 0-2621-9404-X.[[Category:Suggestion Bot Tag]] | ||
[[Category: | |||
Latest revision as of 16:00, 3 October 2024
Phonetics[1] is the study of sounds produced by the human voice - speech sounds in particular. It is concerned with the actual properties of speech sounds as well as those of non-speech sounds, and their production, audition and perception, as opposed to phonology, which is the study of abstract units (such as phonemes and distinctive features) which underlie both speech and writing. Phonetics deals with the sounds themselves, as articulated, acoustic, and audited phenomena, rather than with the contexts in which they are used in languages. While writing systems and alphabets often attempt to represent the sounds of speech, phoneticians are more concerned with the sounds themselves than the symbols used to represent them.
Phonetics has three main branches:
- articulatory phonetics, concerned with the positions and movements of the lips, tongue, vocal tract and folds and other speech organs in producing speech;
- acoustic phonetics, concerned with the properties of the sound waves and how they are received by the inner ear;
- auditory phonetics, concerned with speech perception, principally how the brain forms perceptual representations of the input it receives.
Phonetics is generally considered to be a field of modern linguistics, though sometimes 'Linguistics and Phonetics' is found in the literature, indicating that phonetics in itself is not always directly concerned with the sounds of language. Indeed, phoneticians may make reference to sounds that are physically possible to produce, but unattested in any languages. The front low vowel [ɶ], for instance, seems to be absent from the phonology and phonetics of the world's languages, though inevitably this claim has not gone unchallenged.
There are over a hundred different phones recognized as distinctive by the International Phonetic Association (IPA) and transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet.
Phonetics was studied as early as 2500 years ago in ancient India, with Pāṇini's account of the place and manner of articulation of consonants in his 5th century BCE treatise on Sanskrit. The major Indic alphabets today, except Tamil script, order their consonants according to Pāṇini's classification.
Phonetics often involves modern technology to analyse speech. This spectrogram as used in acoustic phonetics shows the frequencies of vibrations involved in the production of six British English vowels by an adult male native speaker: from left to right, the vowels as in bee, sue, herd, or, bar and buy. The bands of energy (formants) are distinctive for each vowel; for example, the lower the bottom formant ('F1'), the higher the vowel is articulated in the mouth. This image was created using the Praat freeware program.
See also
External links
- UCLA lab data
- UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive
- Speech Analysis Tutorial
- Real-time MRI video of the articulation of speech sounds, from the USC Speech Articulation and kNowledge (SPAN) Group
Bibliography
- Catford, J. C. (1977). Fundamental problems in phonetics. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-32520-X.
- Clark, John; & Yallop, Colin. (1995). An introduction to phonetics and phonology (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19452-5.
- Hardcastle, William J.; & Laver, John (Eds.). (1997). The handbook of phonetic sciences. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-6311-8848-7.
- Ladefoged, Peter. (1982). A course in phonetics (2nd ed.). London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
- Ladefoged, Peter. (2003). Phonetic data analysis: An introduction to fieldwork and instrumental techniques. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-23269-9 (hbk); ISBN 0-631-23270-2 (pbk).
- Ladefoged, Peter; & Maddieson, Ian. (1996). The sounds of the world's languages. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-19814-8 (hbk); ISBN 0-631-19815-6 (pbk).
- Maddieson, Ian. (1984). Patterns of sounds. Cambridge studies in speech science and communication. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Pike, Kenneth L. (1943). Phonetics: A critical analysis of phonetic theory and a technic for the practical description of sounds. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
- Pisoni, David B.; & Remez, Robert E. (Eds.). (2004). The handbook of speech perception. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-6312-2927-2.
- Rogers, Henry. (2000). The Sounds of Language: An Introduction to Phonetics. Harlow, Essex: Pearson. ISBN 0-582-38182-7.
- Stevens, Kenneth N. (1998). Acoustic phonetics. Current studies in linguistics (No. 30). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 0-2621-9404-X.