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{{dambigbox|text=This article is about a Korean dish. For the Jewish grammarian of the 12th century, see [[David ben Joseph Kimchi]]}}{{subpages}}{{Image|Baechu Kimchi.jpg|right|350px|Cabbage kimchi served along with other Korean side dishes ([[banchan]]).}} | {{dambigbox|text=This article is about a Korean dish. For the Jewish grammarian of the 12th century, see [[David ben Joseph Kimchi]]}}{{subpages}}{{Image|Baechu Kimchi.jpg|right|350px|Cabbage kimchi served along with other Korean side dishes ([[banchan]]).}} | ||
'''Kimchi''' (<span style="font-family: Batang, Serif">김치</span>), also transliterated as "kimchee", is a family of [[Korea|Korean]] vegetable-based [[pickle]]s. As a side dish, they are a basic part of Korean cuisine, with many variants, although usually strongly flavored, featuring [[garlic]] and [[pepper (fruit)|hot peppers]]. Kimchi is also a key ingredient for Korean dishes such as [[kimchi jjigae|kimchi stew]] and [[kimchijeon|kimchi pancake]], and it is often eaten by Koreans with [[ramen]] noodles and [[gimbap]] rolls. Kimchi is generally considered very healthy due to its [[lactic acid bacteria]]s, [[antioxidants]], and high [[fiber]] content. Although it is widely accepted that the advantages of eating kimchi include improved digestion and bowel function, other benefits, such as increased immunity and reduced chance of cancer, are disputed due to contradicting studies or lack of concrete evidence.<ref name="latimes">[http://articles.latimes.com/2006/may/21/world/fg-kimchi21 Koreans’ Kimchi Adulation, With a Side of Skepticism], Barbara Demick, ''Los Angeles Times'', 2006-05-21.</ref> Regardless, the ''Health Magazine'' listed kimchi as one of the five healthiest foods in the world in 2008.<ref name="healthmagrank">[http://eating.health.com/2008/02/01/worlds-healthiest-foods-kimchi-korea/ "World’s Healthiest Foods: Kimchi (Korea)"], Joan Raymond, ''Health Magazine''. 2008-02-01.</ref> | '''Kimchi''' (<span style="font-family: Batang, Serif">김치</span>), also transliterated as "kimchee" and "gimchi," is a family of [[Korea|Korean]] vegetable-based [[pickle]]s. As a side dish, they are a basic part of Korean cuisine, with many variants, although usually strongly flavored, featuring [[garlic]] and [[pepper (fruit)|hot peppers]]. Kimchi is also a key ingredient for Korean dishes such as [[kimchi jjigae|kimchi stew]] and [[kimchijeon|kimchi pancake]], and it is often eaten by Koreans with [[ramen]] noodles and [[gimbap]] rolls. Kimchi is generally considered very healthy due to its [[lactic acid bacteria]]s, [[antioxidants]], and high [[fiber]] content. Although it is widely accepted that the advantages of eating kimchi include improved digestion and bowel function, other benefits, such as increased immunity and reduced chance of cancer, are disputed due to contradicting studies or lack of concrete evidence.<ref name="latimes">[http://articles.latimes.com/2006/may/21/world/fg-kimchi21 Koreans’ Kimchi Adulation, With a Side of Skepticism], Barbara Demick, ''Los Angeles Times'', 2006-05-21.</ref> Regardless, the ''Health Magazine'' listed kimchi as one of the five healthiest foods in the world in 2008.<ref name="healthmagrank">[http://eating.health.com/2008/02/01/worlds-healthiest-foods-kimchi-korea/ "World’s Healthiest Foods: Kimchi (Korea)"], Joan Raymond, ''Health Magazine''. 2008-02-01.</ref> | ||
== History == | == History == | ||
The kimchi has its roots in the salted vegetables that were preserved as a source of food during the winter months. This practice existed in China and Korea some 3,000 years ago, and its method was later transferred to Japan by the Koreans from [[Baekje]] during the [[Three Kingdoms Period (Korea)|Three Kingdoms Period]].<ref name="kimchimuseumorigin">[http://www.kimchimuseum.co.kr/data/kimchi/kimchi_view.asp?m_id=3&page=1&m_no=24&str1=&str2= 김치의 변천사] [the history of kimchi], Pulmone Kimchi Museum. 2007-10-08.</ref> Accordingly it is theorized that the Koreans originally called the dish ''chimchae'', meaning "the salting of vegetable." The name underwent several phonetic changes over the centuries, to ''timchae'', ''dimchae'', ''jimchi'', and finally ''kimchi''.<ref name="historytourism">[http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/FO/FO_EN_6_1_2_1.jsp History of Kimchi], Korea Sparkling. Date accessed: 2009-03-10</ref><ref name="historytourism2">[http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_6.jsp?gotoPage=1&cid=259613 Kimchi, the fundamental Korean food], Korea Sparkling. Date accessed: 2009-03-10</ref> | The kimchi has its roots in the salted vegetables that were preserved as a source of food during the winter months. This practice existed in China and Korea some 3,000 years ago, and its method was later transferred to Japan by the Koreans from [[Baekje]] during the [[Three Kingdoms Period (Korea)|Three Kingdoms Period]].<ref name="kimchimuseumorigin">[http://www.kimchimuseum.co.kr/data/kimchi/kimchi_view.asp?m_id=3&page=1&m_no=24&str1=&str2= 김치의 변천사] [the history of kimchi], Pulmone Kimchi Museum. 2007-10-08.</ref> Accordingly it is theorized that the Koreans originally called the dish ''chimchae'', meaning "the salting of vegetable." The name underwent several phonetic changes over the centuries, to ''timchae'', ''dimchae'', ''jimchi'', and finally ''kimchi''.<ref name="historytourism">[http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/FO/FO_EN_6_1_2_1.jsp History of Kimchi], Korea Sparkling. Date accessed: 2009-03-10</ref><ref name="historytourism2">[http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_6.jsp?gotoPage=1&cid=259613 Kimchi, the fundamental Korean food], Korea Sparkling. Date accessed: 2009-03-10</ref> | ||
{{Image|Dongchimi.jpg|left|222px|Dongchimi}} | |||
Kimchi was first mentioned in the historical texts from the [[Goryeo Dynasty]], including guidelines and conventions that detailed a list of kimchi types that were necessary for ancestral rituals. Its appearances in a number of poems from the 13th century to the 15th century indicate that it was widely consumed among the Koreans since this time. The "chimchae" during this period generally consisted of one or two vegetables that were preserved in salt. A new type of kimchi that became popular was the dongchimi, which consisted of pickled radish in salt water and also contained the soup from pickling.<ref name="joongangspices">[http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2875993 In spices and vegetables, the essence of Korea], Cho Jae-eun, ''JoongAng Daily''. 2007-05-28.</ref> A medical journal from this time period listed the vegetables that were mainly used to make kimchi, such as cucumber, wax gourd, garlic chives, curled mallow, lettuce, green onion, and radish.<ref name="koreana">[http://koreana.kf.or.kr/pdf_file/2008/2008_WINTER_E006.pdf Kimchi], ''Koreana''. Winter 2008.</ref> | Kimchi was first mentioned in the historical texts from the [[Goryeo Dynasty]], including guidelines and conventions that detailed a list of kimchi types that were necessary for ancestral rituals. Its appearances in a number of poems from the 13th century to the 15th century indicate that it was widely consumed among the Koreans since this time. The "chimchae" during this period generally consisted of one or two vegetables that were preserved in salt. A new type of kimchi that became popular was the dongchimi, which consisted of pickled radish in salt water and also contained the soup from pickling.<ref name="joongangspices">[http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2875993 In spices and vegetables, the essence of Korea], Cho Jae-eun, ''JoongAng Daily''. 2007-05-28.</ref> A medical journal from this time period listed the vegetables that were mainly used to make kimchi, such as cucumber, wax gourd, garlic chives, curled mallow, lettuce, green onion, and radish.<ref name="koreana">[http://koreana.kf.or.kr/pdf_file/2008/2008_WINTER_E006.pdf Kimchi], ''Koreana''. Winter 2008.</ref> | ||
By the early period of the [[Joseon Dynasty]] (1400~1500s), kimchi | By the early period of the [[Joseon Dynasty]] (1400~1500s), kimchi contained various seasonings, including ginger, garlic, vinegar, [[mandarin]] peel, [[madder]], and [[fennel]].<ref name="natekimchi">[http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=240991&v=44 김치] [ kimchi ], Britannica Korea, Cultural Heritage Administration of Korea, and the Academy of Korean Studies. ''네이트 백과사전'' [ Nate Encyclopedia ].</ref> Even with these additions, the early kimchi tasted relatively mild compared to the modern kimchi, primarily due to the fact that it lacked red pepper. Some kimchi's were colored red with addition of [[Celosia|cockscomb]] flowers.<ref name="naverhistory">[http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=724579 김치의 역사] [History of Kimchi], Doosan Encyclopedia Encyber. ''Naver Encyclopedia''.</ref> | ||
After the mid-1700s, red pepper and salted sea food were also used as ingredients in making kimchi. Although red pepper was available in Korea since its introduction from Japan in the early 1600s, Koreans were unaware of its usefulness as a seasoning until much later. A series of food shortages and advances in agricultural methods prompted a wide cultivation of the red pepper that was once noted to be "poisonous." The addition of salted seafood, which allowed for a substantially lower overall salt content, was also much delayed, since a variety of it existed in Korea since the Three Kingdoms Period.<ref name="koreana"/> This new type of red and spicy kimchi quickly became a staple by the late period of the Joseon Dynasty and | During the Joseon Dynasty, kimchi became a very important part of the Korean society and culture. Among the commoners, kimchi was in fact more of a main dish than a side dish, and it was also the primary food during winter. The preparation of kimchi during the months of October and November became a major nationwide event known as ''gimjang''.<ref name="kbsgimjang">[http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/news/news_zoom_detail.htm?No=3325 Gimjang], KBS WORLD. 2007-10-26.</ref><ref name="joongangspices"/> | ||
After the mid-1700s, red pepper and salted sea food were also used as ingredients in making kimchi. Although red pepper was available in Korea since its introduction from Japan in the early 1600s, Koreans were unaware of its usefulness as a seasoning until much later. A series of food shortages and advances in agricultural methods prompted a wide cultivation of the red pepper that was once noted to be "poisonous." The addition of salted seafood, which allowed for a substantially lower overall salt content, was also much delayed, since a variety of it existed in Korea since the Three Kingdoms Period.<ref name="koreana"/> This new type of red and spicy kimchi quickly became a staple by the late period of the Joseon Dynasty and assumed form of the modern kimchi. | |||
== Types and regional varieties == | == Types and regional varieties == | ||
The most prevalent type of kimchi today is the ''baechu'' kimchi, containing | The most prevalent type of kimchi today is the ''baechu'' kimchi, containing Napa cabbage (also known as ''kimchi cabbage''). Kimchi cabbage was first imported to the U.S. from the far east around 1850, and kimchi made with it began to appear only by the end of the 19th century.<ref name="natekimchi"/><ref name=Napa>There are two competing theories for where the name "Napa" originated. One says that the name refers to Napa Valley, where the vegetable was first grown commercially in the United States in the 1880s. The other theory holds that it came from the Japanese word ''nappa'', which means “leaves of vegetables”.</ref> | ||
"Summer kimchi" is made from leaves and cores of the [[cabbage]] family, while "winter kimchi" is based on white [[radish]]es of the [[daikon]] family. | "Summer kimchi" is made from leaves and cores of the [[cabbage]] family, while "winter kimchi" is based on white [[radish]]es of the [[daikon]] family. | ||
=== Notes === | === Notes === | ||
{{reflist}} | {{reflist}}[[Category:Suggestion Bot Tag]] | ||
Latest revision as of 11:00, 8 September 2024
Kimchi (김치), also transliterated as "kimchee" and "gimchi," is a family of Korean vegetable-based pickles. As a side dish, they are a basic part of Korean cuisine, with many variants, although usually strongly flavored, featuring garlic and hot peppers. Kimchi is also a key ingredient for Korean dishes such as kimchi stew and kimchi pancake, and it is often eaten by Koreans with ramen noodles and gimbap rolls. Kimchi is generally considered very healthy due to its lactic acid bacterias, antioxidants, and high fiber content. Although it is widely accepted that the advantages of eating kimchi include improved digestion and bowel function, other benefits, such as increased immunity and reduced chance of cancer, are disputed due to contradicting studies or lack of concrete evidence.[1] Regardless, the Health Magazine listed kimchi as one of the five healthiest foods in the world in 2008.[2]
History
The kimchi has its roots in the salted vegetables that were preserved as a source of food during the winter months. This practice existed in China and Korea some 3,000 years ago, and its method was later transferred to Japan by the Koreans from Baekje during the Three Kingdoms Period.[3] Accordingly it is theorized that the Koreans originally called the dish chimchae, meaning "the salting of vegetable." The name underwent several phonetic changes over the centuries, to timchae, dimchae, jimchi, and finally kimchi.[4][5]
Kimchi was first mentioned in the historical texts from the Goryeo Dynasty, including guidelines and conventions that detailed a list of kimchi types that were necessary for ancestral rituals. Its appearances in a number of poems from the 13th century to the 15th century indicate that it was widely consumed among the Koreans since this time. The "chimchae" during this period generally consisted of one or two vegetables that were preserved in salt. A new type of kimchi that became popular was the dongchimi, which consisted of pickled radish in salt water and also contained the soup from pickling.[6] A medical journal from this time period listed the vegetables that were mainly used to make kimchi, such as cucumber, wax gourd, garlic chives, curled mallow, lettuce, green onion, and radish.[7]
By the early period of the Joseon Dynasty (1400~1500s), kimchi contained various seasonings, including ginger, garlic, vinegar, mandarin peel, madder, and fennel.[8] Even with these additions, the early kimchi tasted relatively mild compared to the modern kimchi, primarily due to the fact that it lacked red pepper. Some kimchi's were colored red with addition of cockscomb flowers.[9]
During the Joseon Dynasty, kimchi became a very important part of the Korean society and culture. Among the commoners, kimchi was in fact more of a main dish than a side dish, and it was also the primary food during winter. The preparation of kimchi during the months of October and November became a major nationwide event known as gimjang.[10][6]
After the mid-1700s, red pepper and salted sea food were also used as ingredients in making kimchi. Although red pepper was available in Korea since its introduction from Japan in the early 1600s, Koreans were unaware of its usefulness as a seasoning until much later. A series of food shortages and advances in agricultural methods prompted a wide cultivation of the red pepper that was once noted to be "poisonous." The addition of salted seafood, which allowed for a substantially lower overall salt content, was also much delayed, since a variety of it existed in Korea since the Three Kingdoms Period.[7] This new type of red and spicy kimchi quickly became a staple by the late period of the Joseon Dynasty and assumed form of the modern kimchi.
Types and regional varieties
The most prevalent type of kimchi today is the baechu kimchi, containing Napa cabbage (also known as kimchi cabbage). Kimchi cabbage was first imported to the U.S. from the far east around 1850, and kimchi made with it began to appear only by the end of the 19th century.[8][11]
"Summer kimchi" is made from leaves and cores of the cabbage family, while "winter kimchi" is based on white radishes of the daikon family.
Notes
- ↑ Koreans’ Kimchi Adulation, With a Side of Skepticism, Barbara Demick, Los Angeles Times, 2006-05-21.
- ↑ "World’s Healthiest Foods: Kimchi (Korea)", Joan Raymond, Health Magazine. 2008-02-01.
- ↑ 김치의 변천사 [the history of kimchi], Pulmone Kimchi Museum. 2007-10-08.
- ↑ History of Kimchi, Korea Sparkling. Date accessed: 2009-03-10
- ↑ Kimchi, the fundamental Korean food, Korea Sparkling. Date accessed: 2009-03-10
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 In spices and vegetables, the essence of Korea, Cho Jae-eun, JoongAng Daily. 2007-05-28.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Kimchi, Koreana. Winter 2008.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 김치 [ kimchi ], Britannica Korea, Cultural Heritage Administration of Korea, and the Academy of Korean Studies. 네이트 백과사전 [ Nate Encyclopedia ].
- ↑ Gimjang, KBS WORLD. 2007-10-26.
- ↑ There are two competing theories for where the name "Napa" originated. One says that the name refers to Napa Valley, where the vegetable was first grown commercially in the United States in the 1880s. The other theory holds that it came from the Japanese word nappa, which means “leaves of vegetables”.