Atheris squamigera: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
imported>Jaap Winius (Latest fully referenced version from WP.) |
mNo edit summary |
||
| (10 intermediate revisions by 4 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{subpages}} | |||
{{Taxobox | {{Taxobox | ||
| color = pink | | color = pink | ||
| name = ''Atheris squamigera'' | | name = ''Atheris squamigera'' | ||
| regnum = Animalia | |||
| regnum = | | phylum = Chordata | ||
| phylum = | | subphylum = Vertebrata | ||
| subphylum = | | classis = Reptilia | ||
| classis = | | ordo = Squamata | ||
| ordo = | | subordo = [[Snake (animal)|Serpentes]] | ||
| subordo = [[Snake|Serpentes]] | | familia = Viperidae | ||
| familia = | |||
| subfamilia = [[Viperinae]] | | subfamilia = [[Viperinae]] | ||
| genus = ''[[Atheris]]'' | | genus = ''[[Atheris]]'' | ||
| species = '''''A. squamigera''''' | | species = '''''A. squamigera''''' | ||
| binomial = ''Atheris squamigera'' | | binomial = ''Atheris squamigera'' | ||
| binomial_authority = ( | | binomial_authority = (Hallowell, 1856) | ||
| synonyms = * ''Echis squamigera'' - Hallowell, 1856 | | synonyms = * ''Echis squamigera'' - Hallowell, 1856 | ||
* ''T''[''oxicoa'']. ''squamigera'' - Cope, 1860 | * ''T''[''oxicoa'']. ''squamigera'' - Cope, 1860 | ||
| Line 35: | Line 36: | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Common names:''' green bush viper,<ref name="Mal03">Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.</ref><ref name="SB95">Spawls S, Branch B. 1995. The Dangerous Snakes of Africa. Ralph Curtis Books. Dubai: Oriental Press. 192 pp. ISBN 0-88359-029-8.</ref> variable bush viper, | '''Common names:''' green bush viper,<ref name="Mal03">Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.</ref><ref name="SB95">Spawls S, Branch B. 1995. The Dangerous Snakes of Africa. Ralph Curtis Books. Dubai: Oriental Press. 192 pp. ISBN 0-88359-029-8.</ref> variable bush viper, leaf viper, common bush viper,<ref name="WOA">[http://www.kingsnake.com/atheris/squamigera.html ''Atheris squamigera''] at [http://www.kingsnake.com/atheris/index.html The World of Atheris]. Accessed 26 March 2007.</ref> bush viper.<ref name="Meh87">Mehrtens JM. 1987. Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. ISBN 0-8069-6460-X.</ref> | ||
<br/> | |||
<br/> | |||
'''''Atheris squamigera''''' is a | '''''Atheris squamigera''''' is a venomous [[Viperinae|viper]] species found in west and central Africa. No subspecies are currently recognized.<ref name="ITIS">[http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=634948 ''Atheris squamigera'' (TSN 634948)] at [http://www.itis.gov/index.html Integrated Taxonomic Information System]. Accessed 26 March 2007.</ref> | ||
==Description== | ==Description== | ||
Grows to an average length of 46-60 cm, with a maximum of at least 78 cm. Females are usually larger than males.<ref name="Mal03"/> | Grows to an average length of 46-60 cm, with a maximum of at least 78 cm. Females are usually larger than males.<ref name="Mal03"/> | ||
The head is broad and flat, distinct from the neck. The mouth has a very large gape. The head is thickly covered with keeled, imbricate scales. The [[rostral scale]] is not visible from above. A very small scale just above the rostral is flanked by very large scales on either side. The nostrils are lateral. The eye and the [[nasal scale|nasal]] are separated by 2 scales. Across the top of the head, there are 7-9 [[interorbital scales]]. There are 10-18 [[circumorbital scales]]. There are 2 (rarely 1 or more than 2) rows of scales that separate the eyes from the [[labials]]. There are 9-12 [[supralabials]] and 9-12 [[sublabials]]. Of the latter, the anterior 2 or 3 touch the chin shields. The [[gular]] | The head is broad and flat, distinct from the neck. The mouth has a very large gape. The head is thickly covered with keeled, imbricate scales. The [[rostral scale]] is not visible from above. A very small scale just above the rostral is flanked by very large scales on either side. The nostrils are lateral. The eye and the [[nasal scale|nasal]] are separated by 2 scales. Across the top of the head, there are 7-9 [[interorbital scales]]. There are 10-18 [[circumorbital scales]]. There are 2 (rarely 1 or more than 2) rows of scales that separate the eyes from the [[labials]]. There are 9-12 [[supralabials]] and 9-12 [[sublabials]]. Of the latter, the anterior 2 or 3 touch the chin shields. The [[gular scales]] are keeled.<ref name="Mal03"/> | ||
Midbody there are 15-23 rows of [[dorsal scales]], 11-17 posteriorly. There are 152-175 [[ventral scales]] and 45-67 undivided [[subcaudals]]. It is possible that there is a variation in morphometric characters related to habitat:<ref name="Mal03"/> | Midbody there are 15-23 rows of [[dorsal scales]], 11-17 posteriorly. There are 152-175 [[ventral scales]] and 45-67 undivided [[subcaudals]]. It is possible that there is a variation in morphometric characters related to habitat:<ref name="Mal03"/> | ||
| Line 69: | Line 70: | ||
Neonates have a dark, olive coloration with wavy bars, paler olive or yellowish olive with fine dark olive margins, bars at 5 mm intervals, and a belly that is paler greenish olive. The adult color-pattern develops within 3 to 4 months.<ref name="Mal03"/> | Neonates have a dark, olive coloration with wavy bars, paler olive or yellowish olive with fine dark olive margins, bars at 5 mm intervals, and a belly that is paler greenish olive. The adult color-pattern develops within 3 to 4 months.<ref name="Mal03"/> | ||
==Geographic range== | ==Geographic range== | ||
Found in West and Central Africa, from Ivory Coast and Ghana, eastward through southern Nigeria to Cameroon, southern Central African Republic, Gabon, Congo, DR Congo, northern Angola, Uganda, Tanzania (Rumanika Game Reserve), western Kenya and Bioko Island. The type locality is given as "Near the Gabon River, Guinea" [Gabon].<ref name="McD99"/> | |||
==Habitat== | ==Habitat== | ||
Found mostly in rainforest. Said to prefer relatively low and thick, flowering bushes.<ref name="SB95"/> | Found mostly in rainforest. Said to prefer relatively low and thick, flowering bushes.<ref name="SB95"/> | ||
== Captivity == | ==Captivity== | ||
The require a very high level of humidity to breed. In one case, males and females were kept separate from January to the end of November. Two females became pregnant, even though only one mating was observed. Each produced eight young: a few were yellow, but most were green. In each brood, there was also one stillborne green specimen. Some of the neonates fed readily on frogs, while the others had to be force-fed | The require a very high level of humidity to breed. In one case, males and females were kept separate from January to the end of November. Two females became pregnant, even though only one mating was observed. Each produced eight young: a few were yellow, but most were green. In each brood, there was also one stillborne green specimen. Some of the neonates fed readily on frogs, while the others had to be force-fed pinkie mice. All fed independently after a few months.<ref name="Mal03"/> | ||
==Venom== | ==Venom== | ||
There is at least one report of a bite from this particular species that resulted in severe hematological complications.<ref name="Meb98">Mebs D, Holada K, Kornalik F, Simak J, Vankova H, Muller D, Schoenemann H, Lange H, Herrmann HW. 1998. Severe coagulopathy after a bite of a green bush viper (''Atheris squamiger''): case report and biochemical analysis of the venom. Toxicon (Great Britain) 36(10):1333-40 ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9723832&dopt=Abstract abstract]).</ref> | There is at least one report of a bite from this particular species that resulted in severe hematological complications.<ref name="Meb98">Mebs D, Holada K, Kornalik F, Simak J, Vankova H, Muller D, Schoenemann H, Lange H, Herrmann HW. 1998. Severe coagulopathy after a bite of a green bush viper (''Atheris squamiger''): case report and biochemical analysis of the venom. Toxicon (Great Britain) 36(10):1333-40 ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9723832&dopt=Abstract abstract] at [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ National Center for Biotechnology Information]. Accessed 26 March 2007.).</ref> | ||
==Taxonomy== | ==Taxonomy== | ||
A number of subspecies may be encountered in literature. These include:<ref name="Mal03"/><ref name="McD99"/><ref name="SB95"/> | A number of subspecies may be encountered in literature. These include:<ref name="Mal03"/><ref name="McD99"/><ref name="SB95"/> | ||
* ''A. s. squamigera'' (Laurent, | * ''A. s. squamigera'' (Laurent, 1956), found in Ghana to Cameroon, DR Congo, Uganda, western Kenya and Angola.<ref name="Mal03"/> | ||
* ''A. s. robusta'' (Laurent, | * ''A. s. robusta'' (Laurent, 1956), from the Ituri Forest in Province Orientale (DR Congo).<ref name="Mal03"/> It is sometimes described as growing larger, having a lower subcaudal count and only a single row of scales between the eye and the upper labials.<ref name="SB95"/> | ||
* ''A. s. anisolepis'' ( | * ''A. s. anisolepis'' (Mocquard, 1887), (see ''[[Atheris anisolepis|A. anisolepis]]''). | ||
Furthermore, specimens from Dimonika and Menengue in | Furthermore, specimens from Dimonika and Menengue in Congo are sometimes treated as a separate species: ''A. laeviceps''. It has been distinguished as having a group of small scales on top of the head, a row of scales that separates the suboculars and the upper labials, as well as a yellow coloration.<ref name="SB95"/> | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
* ''[[Atheris]]''. | * ''[[Atheris]]''. | ||
* [[List of viperine species and subspecies]] | * [[List of viperine species and subspecies]]. | ||
* [[ | * [[:Category:True vipers - Common names|True vipers - Common names]]. | ||
* [[:Category:True vipers - Synonymy|True vipers - Synonymy]]. | |||
* [[Snake (animal)bite]]. | |||
== Cited references == | == Cited references == | ||
| Line 105: | Line 104: | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
{{ | * {{EMBL species|genus=Atheris|species=squamigera}}. | ||
* [http://corallus.com/atheris/squamigera.html ''Atheris squamigera''] at [http://corallus.com/ Corallus.com]. Accessed 8 October 2006. | * [http://corallus.com/atheris/squamigera.html ''Atheris squamigera''] at [http://corallus.com/ Corallus.com]. Accessed 8 October 2006.[[Category:Suggestion Bot Tag]] | ||
[[Category: | |||
Latest revision as of 06:01, 14 July 2024
- The content on this page originated on Wikipedia and is yet to be significantly improved. Contributors are invited to replace and add material to make this an original article.
| Atheris squamigera | ||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Scientific classification | ||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||
| Binomial name | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Atheris squamigera (Hallowell, 1856) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Synonyms | ||||||||||||||||||||
|
Common names: green bush viper,[2][3] variable bush viper, leaf viper, common bush viper,[4] bush viper.[5]
Atheris squamigera is a venomous viper species found in west and central Africa. No subspecies are currently recognized.[6]
Description
Grows to an average length of 46-60 cm, with a maximum of at least 78 cm. Females are usually larger than males.[2]
The head is broad and flat, distinct from the neck. The mouth has a very large gape. The head is thickly covered with keeled, imbricate scales. The rostral scale is not visible from above. A very small scale just above the rostral is flanked by very large scales on either side. The nostrils are lateral. The eye and the nasal are separated by 2 scales. Across the top of the head, there are 7-9 interorbital scales. There are 10-18 circumorbital scales. There are 2 (rarely 1 or more than 2) rows of scales that separate the eyes from the labials. There are 9-12 supralabials and 9-12 sublabials. Of the latter, the anterior 2 or 3 touch the chin shields. The gular scales are keeled.[2]
Midbody there are 15-23 rows of dorsal scales, 11-17 posteriorly. There are 152-175 ventral scales and 45-67 undivided subcaudals. It is possible that there is a variation in morphometric characters related to habitat:[2]
| Southern forests | Northern grasslands | |
| Midbody dorsal scale rows | 17 | 21 |
| Ventral scales | 171 | 168 |
| Subcaudal scales | 52 | 58 |
The coloration is the same in some populations, but variable in others. The dorsal color varies from sage green or light green to green, dark green, bluish, olive or dark olive brown. Rare specimens may be found that are yellow, reddish or slate gray. The scales have light-colored keels and sometimes yellow tips that form a series of 30 or more light crossbands or chevrons. On the tail, there are 10-19 chevrons: not always clearly defined, but usually present. The ventral edge of the dorsum has light spots in pairs. An interstitial black color is visible only when the skin is stretched. The belly is yellow or dull to pale olive; it may be uniform in color, or heavily mottled with blackish spots. The throat is sometimes yellow. The tail has a conspicuous ivory white tip, 7-12 mm long, extending back over 10 subcaudals.[2]
Neonates have a dark, olive coloration with wavy bars, paler olive or yellowish olive with fine dark olive margins, bars at 5 mm intervals, and a belly that is paler greenish olive. The adult color-pattern develops within 3 to 4 months.[2]
Geographic range
Found in West and Central Africa, from Ivory Coast and Ghana, eastward through southern Nigeria to Cameroon, southern Central African Republic, Gabon, Congo, DR Congo, northern Angola, Uganda, Tanzania (Rumanika Game Reserve), western Kenya and Bioko Island. The type locality is given as "Near the Gabon River, Guinea" [Gabon].[1]
Habitat
Found mostly in rainforest. Said to prefer relatively low and thick, flowering bushes.[3]
Captivity
The require a very high level of humidity to breed. In one case, males and females were kept separate from January to the end of November. Two females became pregnant, even though only one mating was observed. Each produced eight young: a few were yellow, but most were green. In each brood, there was also one stillborne green specimen. Some of the neonates fed readily on frogs, while the others had to be force-fed pinkie mice. All fed independently after a few months.[2]
Venom
There is at least one report of a bite from this particular species that resulted in severe hematological complications.[7]
Taxonomy
A number of subspecies may be encountered in literature. These include:[2][1][3]
- A. s. squamigera (Laurent, 1956), found in Ghana to Cameroon, DR Congo, Uganda, western Kenya and Angola.[2]
- A. s. robusta (Laurent, 1956), from the Ituri Forest in Province Orientale (DR Congo).[2] It is sometimes described as growing larger, having a lower subcaudal count and only a single row of scales between the eye and the upper labials.[3]
- A. s. anisolepis (Mocquard, 1887), (see A. anisolepis).
Furthermore, specimens from Dimonika and Menengue in Congo are sometimes treated as a separate species: A. laeviceps. It has been distinguished as having a group of small scales on top of the head, a row of scales that separates the suboculars and the upper labials, as well as a yellow coloration.[3]
See also
- Atheris.
- List of viperine species and subspecies.
- True vipers - Common names.
- True vipers - Synonymy.
- Snake (animal)bite.
Cited references
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Spawls S, Branch B. 1995. The Dangerous Snakes of Africa. Ralph Curtis Books. Dubai: Oriental Press. 192 pp. ISBN 0-88359-029-8.
- ↑ Atheris squamigera at The World of Atheris. Accessed 26 March 2007.
- ↑ Mehrtens JM. 1987. Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. ISBN 0-8069-6460-X.
- ↑ Atheris squamigera (TSN 634948) at Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Accessed 26 March 2007.
- ↑ Mebs D, Holada K, Kornalik F, Simak J, Vankova H, Muller D, Schoenemann H, Lange H, Herrmann HW. 1998. Severe coagulopathy after a bite of a green bush viper (Atheris squamiger): case report and biochemical analysis of the venom. Toxicon (Great Britain) 36(10):1333-40 (abstract at National Center for Biotechnology Information. Accessed 26 March 2007.).
External links
- Species Atheris squamigera at the Species2000 Database.
- Atheris squamigera at Corallus.com. Accessed 8 October 2006.