History of political thought/Timelines: Difference between revisions
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495 BCE [[Pericles]] (495-429) - Athenian statesman and | ==The ancient world== | ||
551 BCE [[Confucius]] (551-479 BCE) - Chinese philosopher and educator, ( See the [http://old-site.clsp.jhu.edu/~yisu/files/cnfnl10u.pdf Analects of Confucius]) | |||
495 BCE [[Pericles]] (495-429) - Athenian statesman and advocate of democracy | |||
469 [[Socrates]] (469-384) - Athenian philosopher who is credited with laying the foundations of western philosophy; sentenced to death in Athens for heresy. | 469 [[Socrates]] (469-384) - Athenian philosopher who is credited with laying the foundations of western philosophy; sentenced to death in Athens for heresy. | ||
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450 '''''The Twelve Tables'''''[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/12tables.html] - the first recorded statement of Roman Law | 450 '''''The Twelve Tables'''''[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/12tables.html] - the first recorded statement of Roman Law | ||
431 '''The | 431 '''The Peloponnesian War'''[http://www.livius.org/pb-pem/peloponnesian_war/peloponnesian_war.html] (431-404) between [[Ancient Athens|Athens]] and [[Sparta]] | ||
428 [[Plato]] (428-347) Athenian philosopher, recorder of Socratic dialogue and critic of democracy | 428 [[Plato]] (428-347) Athenian philosopher, recorder of Socratic dialogue and critic of democracy | ||
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381 '''Council of Constantinople''' - that approved the ''Nicene Creed''[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11049a.htm] - the official statement of Christian belief | 381 '''Council of Constantinople''' - that approved the ''Nicene Creed''[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11049a.htm] - the official statement of Christian belief | ||
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==The middle ages== | |||
533 '''''Corpus Jurus Civilis'''''[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/corpus1.html]: a compendium of Roman Law promulgated by the emperor Justinian[http://www.roman-emperors.org/justinia.htm] | 533 '''''Corpus Jurus Civilis'''''[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/corpus1.html]: a compendium of Roman Law promulgated by the emperor Justinian[http://www.roman-emperors.org/justinia.htm] | ||
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800s Written collections of Hadith[http://www.religionfacts.com/islam/library/hadith.htm] (sayings of the Prophet Muhammad) are compiled. | 800s Written collections of Hadith[http://www.religionfacts.com/islam/library/hadith.htm] (sayings of the Prophet Muhammad) are compiled. | ||
1126 [[Averroës]] (Abu'l-Walid Ibn Rushd)[http://www.iep.utm.edu/ibnrushd/] (1126-1198) interpretor of Aristotle, leading Islamic | 1126 [[Averroës]] (Abu'l-Walid Ibn Rushd)[http://www.iep.utm.edu/ibnrushd/] (1126-1198) interpretor of Aristotle, leading Islamic philosopher | ||
1215 ''[[Magna Carta]]''[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/humanrights/1215-1500/doc-magna-image.htm][http://www.bl.uk/treasures/magnacarta/index.html] - statement of civil rights and fundamental document of the English constitution. | 1215 ''[[Magna Carta]]''[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/humanrights/1215-1500/doc-magna-image.htm][http://www.bl.uk/treasures/magnacarta/index.html] - statement of civil rights and fundamental document of the English constitution. | ||
1225 [[Thomas Aquinas]] (1224-74) Catholic theologian and philosopher, author of ''Summa Theologica'', defender of the doctrine of papal supremacy[http://credo.stormloader.com/Ecumenic/thomaqui.htm]. | 1225 [[Thomas Aquinas]] (1224-74) Catholic theologian and philosopher, author of ''Summa Theologica'', defender of the doctrine of papal supremacy[http://credo.stormloader.com/Ecumenic/thomaqui.htm]. | ||
1453 '''The fall of Constantinople'''[http://www.thenagain.info/webchron/easteurope/fallconstantin.html] | |||
1469 [[Machiavelli]] (1469-1527) Pragmatic Florentine political advisor, famous for his amoral approach to the exercise of authority. | 1469 [[Machiavelli]] (1469-1527) Pragmatic Florentine political advisor, famous for his amoral approach to the exercise of authority. | ||
1588 [[Thomas Hobbes]] (1588-1679) English | 1588 [[Thomas Hobbes]] (1588-1679) English philosopher, conditional defender of [[monarchy]] as the source of civic order. | ||
1632 [[John Locke]] (1632-1704) English political | <small> | ||
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==The Enlightenment== | |||
1632 [[John Locke]] (1632-1704) English political philosopher of [[The Enlightenment]]. Proponent of the concept of universal [[human rights]] and of the concept of a [[social contract]]. | |||
1642 [[Isaac Newton]] (1642-1727) Central figure of [[The Enlightenment]]. Founder of differential calculus and classical mechanics. | 1642 [[Isaac Newton]] (1642-1727) Central figure of [[The Enlightenment]]. Founder of differential calculus and classical mechanics. | ||
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1648 '''''[[Treaty of Westphalia]]'''''[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/westphal.asp]. The peace treaty that ended the [[Thirty Years War]] and included an agreement to respect the sovereignty of [[nation state]]s. | 1648 '''''[[Treaty of Westphalia]]'''''[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/westphal.asp]. The peace treaty that ended the [[Thirty Years War]] and included an agreement to respect the sovereignty of [[nation state]]s. | ||
1660 '''The Restoration''' [http://www.victorianweb.org/history/Restoration.html]. The ending of the | 1660 '''The Restoration''' [http://www.victorianweb.org/history/Restoration.html]. The ending of the despotism of [[Oliver Cromwell]] and the restoration of the English Monarchy'. | ||
1688 '''[[Glorious Revolution]]''' The largely bloodless events in England which led to the deposition of King James II. | 1688 '''[[Glorious Revolution]]''' The largely bloodless events in England which led to the deposition of King James II. | ||
1689 '''''The Bill of Rights''''' English legislation that restricted the powers of the monarchy and established the rights of a free Parliament. | 1689 '''''[[Bill of Rights (England)|The Bill of Rights]]''''' English legislation that restricted the powers of the monarchy and established the rights of a free Parliament. | ||
1689 Montesquieu (1689-1755)[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/montesquieu/] French Enlightenment philosopher. Advocate of the separation of powers of legislature, executive and judiciary[http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:unAUWPGJuUYJ:kar.kent.ac.uk/8259/1/sepofpowers.doc+separation+of+powers+montesquieu&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShZ7AgaZ8fDTHPSP2KFnIMduE_lPFOjfIqm8H_NQtiq52etX3JhFLLkqdn5wsCaEVIM73xfaBWbQFHLtcCrtcXMdFFC9rC1fn5YW-FgLUprqCzdsoecOBVCpNF95_rZ7b-vEVUd&sig=AHIEtbSze4GeTqgWVOYqFoRuUkgy3Zd8IA] | 1689 Montesquieu (1689-1755)[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/montesquieu/] French Enlightenment philosopher. Advocate of the separation of powers of legislature, executive and judiciary[http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:unAUWPGJuUYJ:kar.kent.ac.uk/8259/1/sepofpowers.doc+separation+of+powers+montesquieu&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShZ7AgaZ8fDTHPSP2KFnIMduE_lPFOjfIqm8H_NQtiq52etX3JhFLLkqdn5wsCaEVIM73xfaBWbQFHLtcCrtcXMdFFC9rC1fn5YW-FgLUprqCzdsoecOBVCpNF95_rZ7b-vEVUd&sig=AHIEtbSze4GeTqgWVOYqFoRuUkgy3Zd8IA] | ||
1694 [[Voltaire]] (François-Marie Arouet) (1694-1778). French writer and philosopher. One of the leading figures of [[The Enlightenment]]. Influential populariser of the works of Newton and Locke | |||
1711 [[David Hume]] (1711-1776) Scottish philosopher, and historian. | 1711 [[David Hume]] (1711-1776) Scottish philosopher, and historian. | ||
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1712 [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] (1712-1778) French Enlightenment thinker. Author of ''The Social Contract''. | 1712 [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] (1712-1778) French Enlightenment thinker. Author of ''The Social Contract''. | ||
1723 [[Adam Smith]] (1723-1790) [[History of economic thought#Adam Smith|" | 1723 [[Adam Smith]] (1723-1790) [[History of economic thought#Adam Smith|"Father of Economics"]], and early thinker about [[government expenditure]] and [[taxation]]. | ||
1724 [[Immanuel Kant]][http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant/] (1724-1804) Prussian Enlightenment philosopher. Advocate of human rights and opponent of state [[paternalism]]. | |||
1729 [[Edmund Burke]][http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/burke_edmund.shtml] (1720-1797) English opponent of the French Revolution and founder of English conservatism. | |||
1737 [[Thomas Paine]][http://www.ushistory.org/paine/] (1737-1809) English political pamphleteer. Advocate of American independence and participant in the French revolution. | |||
1748 [[Jeremy Bentham]] (1748-1832) founder of [[utilitarianism]]. | |||
1750 '''The Risorgimento'''[http://www.ohio.edu/chastain/rz/risorgim.htm]] The movement for the liberation and unification of Italy that lasted until 1870. | |||
1751 [[James Madison]] (1751-1836) | 1751 [[James Madison]] (1751-1836) American politician, political theorist and fourth President of the United States, Known as the "Father of the Bill of Rights." Advocate of "checks and balances'' to limit the powers of special interests. | ||
1760 Henri de Saint-Simon[http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Henri_de_Saint-Simon] (1760-1825) founder of French Socialism. | |||
1776 '''''[[Declaration of Independence]]''''' by the United States of America | 1770 [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]][http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hegel/] (1770–1831) Philosopher who argued that the individual exists for the state. | ||
1774 '''[[American Revolution]]''' The armed struggle that gave the United States independence from Britain. | |||
1776 '''''[[U.S. Declaration of Independence]]''''' by the United States of America | |||
1789 Storming of the Bastille and start of the '''[[French Revolution]]''' | 1789 Storming of the Bastille and start of the '''[[French Revolution]]''' | ||
1806 [[John Stuart Mill]] (1806-1873) | 1789 The '''''[[History of political thought/Addendum#Declaration of the Rights of Man|Declaration of the Rights of Man]]''''' is approved by the French National Assembly. | ||
1791 The '''''United States [[Bill of Rights (United States)|Bill of Rights]]'''''. The first ten amendments to the constitution, the first of which guarantees freedom of religion, speech, press, and peaceable assembly. | |||
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==The 19th century== | |||
1806 [[John Stuart Mill]] (1806-1873) English philosopher and politician. Advocate of [[utilitarianism]] and [[representative government]]. Proponent of the principle that society may restrict the liberty of individuals only to prevent harm to others. | |||
1809 Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865) | |||
1818 [[Karl Marx]] (1818-1883) | 1818 [[Karl Marx]] (1818-1883) | ||
1844 [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] (1844-1900) originator of the concept of "superman" | |||
1848 Vilfredo Pareto[http://www.toqonline.com/blog/vilfredo-pareto-part-i/] (1848-1923) "The Karl Marx of Fascism". | |||
1848 '''''The Communist Manifesto'''''[http://www.anu.edu.au/polsci/marx/classics/manifesto.html] | |||
1864 The '''First International'''[http://www.marxists.org/glossary/orgs/f/i.htm] A meeting of European Socialists | |||
1871 '''Paris Commune'''[http://www.runmuki.com/paul/writing/marx.html] A short-lived Socialist city administration | |||
1875 Giovanni Gentile[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=it&u=http://www.riflessioni.it/enciclopedia/gentile.htm&ei=dg73TbWBHsq38QPQn73XCw&sa=X&oi=translate&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDMQ7gEwAjgK&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dgiovanni%2Bgentile%26start%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26biw%3D1280%26bih%3D518%26prmd%3Divnsbo] (1875-1944) Hegelian philosopher and [[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini]]'s collaborator | |||
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==The 20th and 21st centuries== | |||
1914 '''[[World War I|First World War]]''' (1914-1918) | |||
1917 '''Russian Revolution'''[http://depts.washington.edu/baltic/papers/russianrevolution.htm] | 1917 '''Russian Revolution'''[http://depts.washington.edu/baltic/papers/russianrevolution.htm] | ||
1945 '''San Francisco Conference'''[http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/United-Nations/The-Making-of-the-United-Nations-THE-SAN-FRANCISCO-CONFERENCE-25-APRIL-26-JUNE-1945.html] | 1919 [http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/leagcov.asp '''''League of Nations Covenant ''''']. The first attempt at [[collective security]]. | ||
1922 [http://www.icj-cij.org/pcij/index.php?p1=9 '''The Permanent Court of International Justice''' (1922-1946)] Provided arbitration of disputes between member countries of the League of Nations | |||
1922 '''March on Rome''[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2371229.stm] The coup that brought [[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini]] to power. | |||
1933 [[Adolf Hitler]] becomes Chancellor of Germany. | |||
1939 '''[[World War II|Second World War]]''' (1939-45) | |||
1944 The [[Bretton Woods]] international conference set up a system of fixed exchange rates and created the [[International Monetary Fund]]. | |||
1945 '''San Francisco Conference'''[http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/United-Nations/The-Making-of-the-United-Nations-THE-SAN-FRANCISCO-CONFERENCE-25-APRIL-26-JUNE-1945.html] adopted the [http://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/index.shtml ''United Nations Charter '''] | |||
1946 '''The Court of International Justice'''[http://www.icc-cpi.int/Menus/ICC/Legal+Texts+and+Tools/Official+Journal/Rome+Statute.htm] is set up to resolve legal disputes between member country and advise on legal questions referred to it. | |||
1998 The '''Rome Statute''' sets up the [[International Criminal Court]] to prosecute genocide, war crimes and other crimes against humanity. | |||
2000 United Nations resolution[http://www.un.org/millennium/declaration/ares552e.htm] adopts specific '''Millennium Development Goals''' by 2015 | |||
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</small> | |||
Latest revision as of 06:08, 26 March 2024
The ancient world
551 BCE Confucius (551-479 BCE) - Chinese philosopher and educator, ( See the Analects of Confucius)
495 BCE Pericles (495-429) - Athenian statesman and advocate of democracy
469 Socrates (469-384) - Athenian philosopher who is credited with laying the foundations of western philosophy; sentenced to death in Athens for heresy.
450 The Twelve Tables[1] - the first recorded statement of Roman Law
431 The Peloponnesian War[2] (431-404) between Athens and Sparta
428 Plato (428-347) Athenian philosopher, recorder of Socratic dialogue and critic of democracy
427 The Mytilene Debate[3] - that led to the Athenian decision to execute all the men on the rebellious island of Mytilene
384 Aristotle (384-322) pupil of Plato, author of The Politics
341 Epicurus (341-271) founder of Hedonism[4]
331 Zeno of Citium (331-261) founder of Stoicism
106 BCE Cicero (106-43 BCE) statesman of the Roman republic, Stoic and opponent of dictatorship
49 BCE Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon[5] prompting the Roman Civil War[6] of 49-46 BCE, which led to a transition from republic to empire.
204 CE Plotinus[7] (204-270 CE) - founder of Neoplatonism[8] and originator of the Great Chain of Being[9]
313 Edict of Milan[10] - established religious freedom in the Roman Empire.
325 First Council of Nicea[11] - the first of the ecumenical councils[12]
354 CE Augustine of Hippo (354-430) Neoplatonist African Bishop and leading philosopher of the Roman Catholic Church; advocate of papal supremacy.
381 Council of Constantinople - that approved the Nicene Creed[13] - the official statement of Christian belief
The middle ages
533 Corpus Jurus Civilis[14]: a compendium of Roman Law promulgated by the emperor Justinian[15]
570 Muhammad (570-632) Arab prophet and founder of Islam
800 Charlemagne (742-814) is crowned Holy Roman Emperor[16] by Pope Leo III
800s Written collections of Hadith[17] (sayings of the Prophet Muhammad) are compiled.
1126 Averroës (Abu'l-Walid Ibn Rushd)[18] (1126-1198) interpretor of Aristotle, leading Islamic philosopher
1215 Magna Carta[19][20] - statement of civil rights and fundamental document of the English constitution.
1225 Thomas Aquinas (1224-74) Catholic theologian and philosopher, author of Summa Theologica, defender of the doctrine of papal supremacy[21].
1453 The fall of Constantinople[22]
1469 Machiavelli (1469-1527) Pragmatic Florentine political advisor, famous for his amoral approach to the exercise of authority.
1588 Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) English philosopher, conditional defender of monarchy as the source of civic order.
The Enlightenment
1632 John Locke (1632-1704) English political philosopher of The Enlightenment. Proponent of the concept of universal human rights and of the concept of a social contract.
1642 Isaac Newton (1642-1727) Central figure of The Enlightenment. Founder of differential calculus and classical mechanics.
1641 The Grand Remonstrance[23] A list of grievances presented to Charles I of England by the Long Parliament[24].
1643 English Civil War [25] (1643-6) Armed conflict between supporters of the parliament and the monarchy, ending in the execution of King Charles I.
1645 The Levellers [26]. English popular movement that agitated for religious toleration, reform of the law, free trade, an extended franchise, rights guaranteed under a written constitution and a government answerable to the people rather than to King or Parliament.
1648 Treaty of Westphalia[27]. The peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years War and included an agreement to respect the sovereignty of nation states.
1660 The Restoration [28]. The ending of the despotism of Oliver Cromwell and the restoration of the English Monarchy'.
1688 Glorious Revolution The largely bloodless events in England which led to the deposition of King James II.
1689 The Bill of Rights English legislation that restricted the powers of the monarchy and established the rights of a free Parliament.
1689 Montesquieu (1689-1755)[29] French Enlightenment philosopher. Advocate of the separation of powers of legislature, executive and judiciary[30]
1694 Voltaire (François-Marie Arouet) (1694-1778). French writer and philosopher. One of the leading figures of The Enlightenment. Influential populariser of the works of Newton and Locke
1711 David Hume (1711-1776) Scottish philosopher, and historian. early economist. Opponent of merchantilism and of government intervention in commerce.
1712 Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) French Enlightenment thinker. Author of The Social Contract.
1723 Adam Smith (1723-1790) "Father of Economics", and early thinker about government expenditure and taxation.
1724 Immanuel Kant[31] (1724-1804) Prussian Enlightenment philosopher. Advocate of human rights and opponent of state paternalism.
1729 Edmund Burke[32] (1720-1797) English opponent of the French Revolution and founder of English conservatism.
1737 Thomas Paine[33] (1737-1809) English political pamphleteer. Advocate of American independence and participant in the French revolution.
1748 Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) founder of utilitarianism.
1750 The Risorgimento[34]] The movement for the liberation and unification of Italy that lasted until 1870.
1751 James Madison (1751-1836) American politician, political theorist and fourth President of the United States, Known as the "Father of the Bill of Rights." Advocate of "checks and balances to limit the powers of special interests.
1760 Henri de Saint-Simon[35] (1760-1825) founder of French Socialism.
1770 Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel[36] (1770–1831) Philosopher who argued that the individual exists for the state.
1774 American Revolution The armed struggle that gave the United States independence from Britain.
1776 U.S. Declaration of Independence by the United States of America
1789 Storming of the Bastille and start of the French Revolution
1789 The Declaration of the Rights of Man is approved by the French National Assembly.
1791 The United States Bill of Rights. The first ten amendments to the constitution, the first of which guarantees freedom of religion, speech, press, and peaceable assembly.
The 19th century
1806 John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) English philosopher and politician. Advocate of utilitarianism and representative government. Proponent of the principle that society may restrict the liberty of individuals only to prevent harm to others.
1809 Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865)
1818 Karl Marx (1818-1883)
1844 Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) originator of the concept of "superman"
1848 Vilfredo Pareto[37] (1848-1923) "The Karl Marx of Fascism".
1848 The Communist Manifesto[38]
1864 The First International[39] A meeting of European Socialists
1871 Paris Commune[40] A short-lived Socialist city administration
1875 Giovanni Gentile[41] (1875-1944) Hegelian philosopher and Mussolini's collaborator
The 20th and 21st centuries
1914 First World War (1914-1918)
1917 Russian Revolution[42]
1919 League of Nations Covenant . The first attempt at collective security.
1922 The Permanent Court of International Justice (1922-1946) Provided arbitration of disputes between member countries of the League of Nations
1922 'March on Rome[43] The coup that brought Mussolini to power.
1933 Adolf Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany.
1939 Second World War (1939-45)
1944 The Bretton Woods international conference set up a system of fixed exchange rates and created the International Monetary Fund.
1945 San Francisco Conference'[44] adopted the United Nations Charter
1946 The Court of International Justice[45] is set up to resolve legal disputes between member country and advise on legal questions referred to it.
1998 The Rome Statute sets up the International Criminal Court to prosecute genocide, war crimes and other crimes against humanity.
2000 United Nations resolution[46] adopts specific Millennium Development Goals by 2015