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Where a company issues
{{AccountNotLive}}
fixed income securities to be traded on a public market, the issuer may ask a CRA to provide
==Index and Glossary==
a credit rating for those securities to make them more marketable. In many cases, potential
There is an index to the topics dealt with in the economics articles [[Economics/Related Articles|here]], and a glossary of economic terms [[Economics/Glossary|here]].
investors may expect an issuer or security to be covered by several CRAs. Investors also
may operate under guidelines or legal requirements that prohibit the investor from holding a
debt security that is not rated at or above a certain level by one or more CRAs
Credit rating agencies provide a third party rating based on access to more information about the borrower than a lender may be able to access, and on accumulated experience in evaluating credit.


ratings serve as a regulatory tool in financial market oversight – one
See also the [[Politics/Index|'''index to the politics articles ''']].
speaks of ‘rating-based regulation’. This is often called the certification function. In this view,
rating agencies not only assign a credit evaluation but they also issue a ‘license’ to access
the capital markets or to lower regulatory burdens (Partnoy 1999, pp. 683-88). lowers the risk premium required by the investors


there is evidence that all types of rating announcements – outlooks, reviews and rating
[[User:Nick_Gardner#Methodology|methodology]]
changes, whether positive or negative – have a significant impact on CDS prices.
The Credit Rating Industry:
Competition and Regulation
Inauguraldissertation
zur
Erlangung des Doktorgrades
der Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftlichen Fakultät
der Universität zu Köln
2007
vorgelegt
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=991821


Statement by
{|align="right" cellpadding="10" style="background-color:#FFFFCC; width:40%; border: 1px solid #aaa; margin:20px; font-size: 92%;"
Lawrence J. White*
|"''The European Union is something ...
for the
very precious, not only for us in Europe, but also for the rest of the world. Because the European Union is, in fact, the result of a project for peace that brought together nations emerging from the ruins of the Second World War. It was the European Union that united them in peace around the values of respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, justice, rule of law and respect for human rights.''"
“Roundtable to Examine Oversight of Credit Rating Agencies”
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
Washington, DC
April 15, 2009
http://banking.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=Hearings.Testimony&Hearing_ID=89e91cf4-71e2-406d-a416-0e391f4f52b0&Witness_ID=f6d7b43b-1747-4756-acc8-435aa501a87c


http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=900257
:Merci Olsson, of Nobel Med, congratulating  President Barroso on the award of The Nobel Peace Prize t the European Union, 12 October 2012.
How and Why Credit Rating Agencies are Not Like Other Gatekeepers
|}
Frank Partnoy
University of San Diego School of Law
"Credit rating agencies
are not widely respected among sophisticated market participants,"
 
 
FINANCIAL GATEKEEPERS: CAN THEY PROTECT INVESTORS?, Yasuyuki Fuchita, Robert E. Litan, eds., Brookings Institution Press and the Nomura Institute of Capital Markets Research, 2006
San Diego Legal Studies Paper No. 07-46

Latest revision as of 03:28, 22 November 2023


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Index and Glossary

There is an index to the topics dealt with in the economics articles here, and a glossary of economic terms here.

See also the index to the politics articles .

methodology

"The European Union is something ... 
very precious, not only for us in Europe, but also for the rest of the world. Because the European Union is, in fact, the result of a project for peace that brought together nations emerging from the ruins of the Second World War. It was the European Union that united them in peace around the values of respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, justice, rule of law and respect for human rights."
Merci Olsson, of Nobel Med, congratulating President Barroso on the award of The Nobel Peace Prize t the European Union, 12 October 2012.
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