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'''[[Irish language|Irish]] [[orthography]]''' has evolved over many centuries, since [[Old Irish language|Old Irish]] was first written down in the [[Latin alphabet]] in about the sixth century AD. Prior to that, [[Primitive Irish language|Primitive Irish]] was written in [[Ogham]]. Irish spelling is mainly based on etymological considerations, very much like [[English orthography]], although a [[spelling reform]] in the mid-20th century simplified the relationship between spelling and pronunciation somewhat. | '''[[Irish language|Irish]] [[orthography]]''' has evolved over many centuries, since [[Old Irish language|Old Irish]] was first written down in the [[Latin alphabet]] in about the sixth century AD. Prior to that, [[Primitive Irish language|Primitive Irish]] was written in [[Ogham]]. Irish spelling is mainly based on etymological considerations, very much like [[English orthography]], although a [[spelling reform]] in the mid-20th century simplified the relationship between spelling and pronunciation somewhat. | ||
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Prior to the 20th century Irish was usually written using the [[uncial]] [[Gaelic script]]. The uncial alphabet, together with letter name pronunciations and [[Irish initial mutations|lenited]] letters is shown below. | Prior to the 20th century Irish was usually written using the [[uncial]] [[Gaelic script]]. The uncial alphabet, together with letter name pronunciations and [[Irish initial mutations|lenited]] letters is shown below. | ||
Use of the uncial script is today almost entirely restricted to decorative and/or self-consciously traditional contexts. The dot above the lenited letter is usually substituted with a following ''h'' in the standard Roman alphabet. The only other use of ''h'' Irish is for vowel-initial words after certain [[clitic|proclitics]] (e.g. ''go '''h'''Éireann'' | Use of the uncial script is today almost entirely restricted to decorative and/or self-consciously traditional contexts. The dot above the lenited letter is usually substituted with a following ''h'' in the standard Roman alphabet. The only other use of ''h'' Irish is for vowel-initial words after certain [[clitic|proclitics]] (e.g. ''go '''h'''Éireann'' ''to Ireland) and for words of foreign derivation such as ''hata'' ''hat''. | ||
The alphabet now used for writing the Irish language consists of the following letters, written in [[antiqua]]: | The alphabet now used for writing the Irish language consists of the following letters, written in [[antiqua]]: | ||
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== Consonants == | == Consonants == | ||
The consonant letters generally correspond to the consonant phonemes as shown in this table. See [[Irish phonology]] for an explanation of the symbols used and [[Irish initial mutations]] for an explanation of eclipsis. In most cases, consonants are | The consonant letters generally correspond to the consonant phonemes as shown in this table. See [[Irish phonology]] for an explanation of the symbols used and [[Irish initial mutations]] for an explanation of eclipsis. In most cases, consonants are ''broad'' ([[velarization|velarized]]) when the nearest vowel letter is one of '''a, o, u''' and ''slender'' ([[palatalization|palatalized]]) when the nearest vowel letter is one of '''e, i'''. | ||
{| class= | {| class=''wikitable'' | ||
! colspan=2 | Letter(s) | ! colspan=2 | Letter(s) | ||
! Phoneme(s) | ! Phoneme(s) | ||
| Line 38: | Line 37: | ||
| broad | | broad | ||
| {{IPA|/bˠ/}} | | {{IPA|/bˠ/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|bain}} {{IPA|/bˠanʲ/}} | | {{lang|ga|bain}} {{IPA|/bˠanʲ/}} ''take'' (imper.), {{lang|ga|scuab}} {{IPA|/sˠkuəbˠ/}} ''broom'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| slender | | slender | ||
| {{IPA|/bʲ/}} | | {{IPA|/bʲ/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|béal}} {{IPA|/bʲeːɫ̪/}} | | {{lang|ga|béal}} {{IPA|/bʲeːɫ̪/}} ''mouth'', {{lang|ga|cnáib}} {{IPA|/kn̪ˠaːbʲ/}} ''hemp'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan=3 | '''bh''' | | rowspan=3 | '''bh''' | ||
| broad | | broad | ||
| {{IPA|/w/}} | | {{IPA|/w/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|bhain}} {{IPA|/wanʲ/}} | | {{lang|ga|bhain}} {{IPA|/wanʲ/}} ''took'', {{lang|ga|ábhar}} {{IPA|/ˈaːwəɾˠ/}} ''material'', {{lang|ga|Bhairbre}} {{IPA|/ˈwaɾʲəbʲɾʲə/}} ''Barbara'' (genitive), {{lang|ga|tábhachtach}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ˠaːwəxtəx/}} ''important'', {{lang|ga|dubhaigh}} {{IPA|/ˈd̪ˠʊwiː/}} ''blacken'' (imper.), {{lang|ga|scríobh}} {{IPA|/ʃcrʲiːw/}} ''wrote'', {{lang|ga|taobh}} {{IPA|/t̪ˠiːw/}} ''side'', {{lang|ga|dubh}} {{IPA|/d̪ˠʊw/}} ''black'', {{lang|ga|gabh}} {{IPA|/gaw/}} ''get'' (imper.) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| slender | | slender | ||
| {{IPA|/vʲ/}} | | {{IPA|/vʲ/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|bhéal}} {{IPA|/vʲeːɫ̪/}} | | {{lang|ga|bhéal}} {{IPA|/vʲeːɫ̪/}} ''mouth'' (lenited), {{lang|ga|cuibhreann}} {{IPA|/ˈkɪvʲɾʲən̪ˠ/}} ''common table'', {{lang|ga|aibhneacha}} {{IPA|/ˈavʲnʲəxə/}} ''rivers'', {{lang|ga|sibh}} {{IPA|/ʃɪvʲ/}} ''you'' (pl.) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=3 | See [[#Vowels|vowel chart]] for '''abh, eabh, obh''' | | colspan=3 | See [[#Vowels|vowel chart]] for '''abh, eabh, obh''' | ||
| Line 58: | Line 57: | ||
| broad | | broad | ||
| {{IPA|/w/}} | | {{IPA|/w/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|bhfuinneog}} {{IPA|/ˈwɪnʲoːg/}} | | {{lang|ga|bhfuinneog}} {{IPA|/ˈwɪnʲoːg/}} ''window'' (eclipsed) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| slender | | slender | ||
| {{IPA|/vʲ/}} | | {{IPA|/vʲ/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|bhfíon}} {{IPA|/vʲiːn̪ˠ/}} | | {{lang|ga|bhfíon}} {{IPA|/vʲiːn̪ˠ/}} ''wine'' (eclipsed) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan=2 | '''bp'''<br /><small>(eclipsis of '''p-''')</small> | | rowspan=2 | '''bp'''<br /><small>(eclipsis of '''p-''')</small> | ||
| broad | | broad | ||
| {{IPA|/bˠ/}} | | {{IPA|/bˠ/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|bpoll}} {{IPA|/bˠoːɫ̪/}} | | {{lang|ga|bpoll}} {{IPA|/bˠoːɫ̪/}} ''hole'' (eclipsed) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| slender | | slender | ||
| {{IPA|/bʲ/}} | | {{IPA|/bʲ/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|bpríosún}} {{IPA|/ˈbʲɾʲiːsˠuːn̪ˠ/}} | | {{lang|ga|bpríosún}} {{IPA|/ˈbʲɾʲiːsˠuːn̪ˠ/}} ''prison'' (eclipsed) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan=2 | '''c''' | | rowspan=2 | '''c''' | ||
| broad | | broad | ||
| {{IPA|/k/}} | | {{IPA|/k/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|cáis}} {{IPA|/kaːʃ/}} | | {{lang|ga|cáis}} {{IPA|/kaːʃ/}} ''cheese'', {{lang|ga|mac}} {{IPA|/mˠak/}} ''son'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| slender | | slender | ||
| {{IPA|/c/}} | | {{IPA|/c/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|ceist}} {{IPA|/cɛʃtʲ/}} | | {{lang|ga|ceist}} {{IPA|/cɛʃtʲ/}} ''question'', {{lang|ga|mic}} {{IPA|/mʲɪc/}} ''sons'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan=2 | '''ch''' | | rowspan=2 | '''ch''' | ||
| broad<br /><small>(Always broad before '''t'''.)</small> | | broad<br /><small>(Always broad before '''t'''.)</small> | ||
| {{IPA|/x/}} | | {{IPA|/x/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|cháis}} {{IPA|/xaːʃ/}} | | {{lang|ga|cháis}} {{IPA|/xaːʃ/}} ''cheese'' (lenited), {{lang|ga|taoiseach}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ˠiːʃəx/}} ''chieftain'' (also the term for the [[Taoiseach|Prime Minister of Ireland]]), {{lang|ga|boichte}} {{IPA|/bˠɔxtʲə/}} ''poorer'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| slender | | slender | ||
| {{IPA|/ç/}}<br />{{IPA|/h/}} between vowels | | {{IPA|/ç/}}<br />{{IPA|/h/}} between vowels | ||
| {{lang|ga|cheist}} {{IPA|/çɛʃtʲ/}} | | {{lang|ga|cheist}} {{IPA|/çɛʃtʲ/}} ''question'' (lenited), {{lang|ga|deich}} {{IPA|/dʲɛç/}} ''ten''<br />{{lang|ga|oíche}} {{IPA|/ˈiːhə/}} ''night'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan=2 | '''d''' | | rowspan=2 | '''d''' | ||
| broad | | broad | ||
| {{IPA|/d̪ˠ/}} | | {{IPA|/d̪ˠ/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|dorn}} {{IPA|/d̪ˠoːɾˠn̪ˠ/}} | | {{lang|ga|dorn}} {{IPA|/d̪ˠoːɾˠn̪ˠ/}} ''fist'', {{lang|ga|nead}} {{IPA|/nʲad̪ˠ/}} ''nest'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| slender | | slender | ||
| {{IPA|/dʲ/}} | | {{IPA|/dʲ/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|dearg}} {{IPA|/dʲaɾˠəg/}} | | {{lang|ga|dearg}} {{IPA|/dʲaɾˠəg/}} ''red'', {{lang|ga|cuid}} {{IPA|/kɪdʲ/}} ''part'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan= | | rowspan=''3'' | '''dh''' | ||
| broad | | broad | ||
| {{IPA|/ɣ/}} word-initially<br />Silent after a [[vowel length|long vowel]] | | {{IPA|/ɣ/}} word-initially<br />Silent after a [[vowel length|long vowel]] | ||
| {{lang|ga|dhorn}} {{IPA|/ɣoːɾˠn̪ˠ/}} | | {{lang|ga|dhorn}} {{IPA|/ɣoːɾˠn̪ˠ/}} ''fist'' (lenited)<br />{{lang|ga|ádh}} {{IPA|/aː/}} ''luck'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| slender | | slender | ||
| {{IPA|/j/}} | | {{IPA|/j/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|dhearg}} {{IPA|/ˈjaɾˠəg/}} | | {{lang|ga|dhearg}} {{IPA|/ˈjaɾˠəg/}} ''red'' (lenited), {{lang|ga|fáidh}} {{IPA|/fˠaːj/}} ''prophet'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=3 | See [[#Vowels|vowel chart]] for '''adh, aidh, eadh, eidh, idh, oidh, odh'''. See [[#Special pronunciations in verb forms|Special pronunciations in verb forms]] for '''-dh''' at the end of verbs. | | colspan=3 | See [[#Vowels|vowel chart]] for '''adh, aidh, eadh, eidh, idh, oidh, odh'''. See [[#Special pronunciations in verb forms|Special pronunciations in verb forms]] for '''-dh''' at the end of verbs. | ||
| Line 114: | Line 113: | ||
| broad | | broad | ||
| {{IPA|/d̪ˠ/}} | | {{IPA|/d̪ˠ/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|dtaisce}} {{IPA|/ˈd̪ˠaʃcə/}} | | {{lang|ga|dtaisce}} {{IPA|/ˈd̪ˠaʃcə/}} ''treasure'' (eclipsed) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| slender | | slender | ||
| {{IPA|/dʲ/}} | | {{IPA|/dʲ/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|dtír}} {{IPA|/dʲiːɾʲ/}} | | {{lang|ga|dtír}} {{IPA|/dʲiːɾʲ/}} ''country'' (eclipsed) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan=3 | '''f''' | | rowspan=3 | '''f''' | ||
| broad | | broad | ||
| {{IPA|/fˠ/}} | | {{IPA|/fˠ/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|fós}} {{IPA|/fˠoːsˠ/}} | | {{lang|ga|fós}} {{IPA|/fˠoːsˠ/}} ''still'', {{lang|ga|graf}} {{IPA|/gɾˠafˠ/}} ''graph'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| slender | | slender | ||
| {{IPA|/fʲ/}} | | {{IPA|/fʲ/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|fíon}} {{IPA|/fʲiːn̪ˠ/}} | | {{lang|ga|fíon}} {{IPA|/fʲiːn̪ˠ/}} ''wine'', {{lang|ga|stuif}} {{IPA|/sˠt̪ˠɪfʲ/}} ''stuff'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=3 | See [[#Special pronunciations in verb forms|Special pronunciations in verb forms]] for '''-f-''' in future and conditional tenses | | colspan=3 | See [[#Special pronunciations in verb forms|Special pronunciations in verb forms]] for '''-f-''' in future and conditional tenses | ||
| Line 133: | Line 132: | ||
| colspan=2 | '''fh''' <small>(lenition of '''f-''')</small> | | colspan=2 | '''fh''' <small>(lenition of '''f-''')</small> | ||
| silent | | silent | ||
| {{lang|ga|fhuinneog}} {{IPA|/ˈɪnʲoːg/}} | | {{lang|ga|fhuinneog}} {{IPA|/ˈɪnʲoːg/}} ''window'' (lenited), {{lang|ga|fhíon}} {{IPA|/iːn̪ˠ/}} ''wine'' (lenited) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan=2 | '''g''' | | rowspan=2 | '''g''' | ||
| broad | | broad | ||
| {{IPA|/g/}} | | {{IPA|/g/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|gasúr}} {{IPA|/ˈgasˠuːɾˠ/}} | | {{lang|ga|gasúr}} {{IPA|/ˈgasˠuːɾˠ/}} ''boy'', {{lang|ga|bog}} {{IPA|/bˠɔg/}} ''soft'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| slender | | slender | ||
| {{IPA|/ɟ/}} | | {{IPA|/ɟ/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|geata}} {{IPA|/ˈɟat̪ˠə/}} | | {{lang|ga|geata}} {{IPA|/ˈɟat̪ˠə/}} ''gate'', {{lang|ga|carraig}} {{IPA|/ˈkaɾˠəɟ/}} ''rock'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan=2 | '''gc'''<br /><small>(eclipsis of '''c-''')</small> | | rowspan=2 | '''gc'''<br /><small>(eclipsis of '''c-''')</small> | ||
| broad | | broad | ||
| {{IPA|/g/}} | | {{IPA|/g/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|gcáis}} {{IPA|/gaːʃ/}} | | {{lang|ga|gcáis}} {{IPA|/gaːʃ/}} ''cheese'' (eclipsed) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| slender | | slender | ||
| {{IPA|/ɟ/}} | | {{IPA|/ɟ/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|gceist}} {{IPA|/ɟɛʃtʲ/}} | | {{lang|ga|gceist}} {{IPA|/ɟɛʃtʲ/}} ''question'' (eclipsed) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan=3 | '''gh''' | | rowspan=3 | '''gh''' | ||
| broad | | broad | ||
| {{IPA|/ɣ/}} (word-initially)<br />silent after a long vowel | | {{IPA|/ɣ/}} (word-initially)<br />silent after a long vowel | ||
| {{lang|ga|ghasúr}} {{IPA|/ˈɣasˠuːɾˠ/}} | | {{lang|ga|ghasúr}} {{IPA|/ˈɣasˠuːɾˠ/}} ''boy'' (lenited)<br />{{lang|ga|Eoghan}} {{IPA|/ˈoːən̪ˠ/}} ''Owen'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| slender | | slender | ||
| {{IPA|/j/}} | | {{IPA|/j/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|gheata}} {{IPA|/ˈjat̪ˠə/}} | | {{lang|ga|gheata}} {{IPA|/ˈjat̪ˠə/}} ''gate'' (lenited), {{lang|ga|dóigh}} {{IPA|/d̪ˠoːj/}} ''way, manner'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=3 | See [[#Vowels|vowel chart]] for '''agh, aigh, eigh, igh, ogh, oigh'''. See [[#Special pronunciations in verb forms|Special pronunciations in verb forms]] for '''-(a)igh''' at the end of verbs. | | colspan=3 | See [[#Vowels|vowel chart]] for '''agh, aigh, eigh, igh, ogh, oigh'''. See [[#Special pronunciations in verb forms|Special pronunciations in verb forms]] for '''-(a)igh''' at the end of verbs. | ||
| Line 166: | Line 165: | ||
| colspan=2 | '''h''' | | colspan=2 | '''h''' | ||
| {{IPA|/h/}} | | {{IPA|/h/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|hata}} {{IPA|/ˈhat̪ˠə/}} | | {{lang|ga|hata}} {{IPA|/ˈhat̪ˠə/}} ''hat'', {{lang|ga|na héisc}} {{IPA|/nə heːʃc/}} ''the fish'' (plural) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan=2 | '''l, ll''' | | rowspan=2 | '''l, ll''' | ||
| broad | | broad | ||
| {{IPA|/ɫ̪/}} | | {{IPA|/ɫ̪/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|luí}} {{IPA|/ɫ̪iː/}} | | {{lang|ga|luí}} {{IPA|/ɫ̪iː/}} ''lying (down)'', {{lang|ga|poll}} {{IPA|/poːɫ̪/}} ''hole'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| slender | | slender | ||
| {{IPA|/lʲ/}} | | {{IPA|/lʲ/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|leisciúil}} {{IPA|/ˈlʲɛʃcuːlʲ/}} | | {{lang|ga|leisciúil}} {{IPA|/ˈlʲɛʃcuːlʲ/}} ''lazy'', {{lang|ga|coill}} {{IPA|/kailʲ/}} ''woods'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan=2 | '''m''' | | rowspan=2 | '''m''' | ||
| broad | | broad | ||
| {{IPA|/mˠ/}} | | {{IPA|/mˠ/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|mór}} {{IPA|/mˠoːɾˠ/}} | | {{lang|ga|mór}} {{IPA|/mˠoːɾˠ/}} ''big'', {{lang|ga|am}} {{IPA|/aːmˠ/}} ''time'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| slender | | slender | ||
| {{IPA|/mʲ/}} | | {{IPA|/mʲ/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|milis}} {{IPA|/ˈmʲilʲəʃ/}} | | {{lang|ga|milis}} {{IPA|/ˈmʲilʲəʃ/}} ''sweet'', {{lang|ga|im}} {{IPA|/iːmʲ/}} ''butter'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan=2 | '''mb'''<br /><small>(eclipsis of '''b-''')</small> | | rowspan=2 | '''mb'''<br /><small>(eclipsis of '''b-''')</small> | ||
| broad | | broad | ||
| {{IPA|/mˠ/}} | | {{IPA|/mˠ/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|mbaineann}} {{IPA|/ˈmˠanʲən̪ˠ/}} | | {{lang|ga|mbaineann}} {{IPA|/ˈmˠanʲən̪ˠ/}} ''takes'' (eclipsed) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| slender | | slender | ||
| {{IPA|/mʲ/}} | | {{IPA|/mʲ/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|mbéal}} {{IPA|/mʲeːɫ̪/}} | | {{lang|ga|mbéal}} {{IPA|/mʲeːɫ̪/}} ''mouth'' (eclipsed) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan=3 | '''mh''' | | rowspan=3 | '''mh''' | ||
| (broad) | | (broad) | ||
| {{IPA|/w/}} | | {{IPA|/w/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|mhór}} {{IPA|/woːɾˠ/}} | | {{lang|ga|mhór}} {{IPA|/woːɾˠ/}} ''big'' (lenited), {{lang|ga|lámha}} {{IPA|/ˈɫ̪aːwə/}} ''hands'', {{lang|ga|léamh}} {{IPA|/lʲeːw/}} ''reading'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| (slender) | | (slender) | ||
| {{IPA|/vʲ/}} | | {{IPA|/vʲ/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|mhilis}} {{IPA|/ˈvʲilʲəʃ/}} | | {{lang|ga|mhilis}} {{IPA|/ˈvʲilʲəʃ/}} ''sweet'' (lenited), {{lang|ga|uimhir}} {{IPA|/ˈɪvʲəɾʲ/}} ''number'', {{lang|ga|nimh}} {{IPA|/nʲɪvʲ/}} ''poison'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=3 | See [[#Vowels|vowel chart]] for '''amh, eamh, omh''' | | colspan=3 | See [[#Vowels|vowel chart]] for '''amh, eamh, omh''' | ||
| Line 209: | Line 208: | ||
| broad | | broad | ||
| {{IPA|/n̪ˠ/}} | | {{IPA|/n̪ˠ/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|naoi}} {{IPA|/n̪ˠiː/}} | | {{lang|ga|naoi}} {{IPA|/n̪ˠiː/}} ''nine'', {{lang|ga|ceann}} {{IPA|/caːn̪ˠ/}} ''head'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| slender | | slender | ||
| {{IPA|/nʲ/}} | | {{IPA|/nʲ/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|neart}} {{IPA|/nʲaɾˠt̪ˠ/}} | | {{lang|ga|neart}} {{IPA|/nʲaɾˠt̪ˠ/}} ''strength'', {{lang|ga|tinneas}} {{IPA|/ˈtʲɪnʲəsˠ/}} ''illness'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan=2 | '''nc''' | | rowspan=2 | '''nc''' | ||
| broad | | broad | ||
| {{IPA|/ŋk/}} | | {{IPA|/ŋk/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|ancaire}} {{IPA|/ˈaŋkəɾʲə/}} | | {{lang|ga|ancaire}} {{IPA|/ˈaŋkəɾʲə/}} ''anchor'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| slender | | slender | ||
| {{IPA|/ɲc/}} | | {{IPA|/ɲc/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|rinc}} {{IPA|/ɾˠɪɲc/}} | | {{lang|ga|rinc}} {{IPA|/ɾˠɪɲc/}} ''dance'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan=2 | '''nd'''<br /><small>(eclipsis of '''d-''')</small> | | rowspan=2 | '''nd'''<br /><small>(eclipsis of '''d-''')</small> | ||
| broad | | broad | ||
| {{IPA|/n̪ˠ/}} | | {{IPA|/n̪ˠ/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|ndorn}} {{IPA|/n̪ˠoːɾˠn̪ˠ/}} | | {{lang|ga|ndorn}} {{IPA|/n̪ˠoːɾˠn̪ˠ/}} ''fist'' (eclipsed) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| slender | | slender | ||
| {{IPA|/nʲ/}} | | {{IPA|/nʲ/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|ndearg}} {{IPA|/ˈnʲaɾˠəg/}} | | {{lang|ga|ndearg}} {{IPA|/ˈnʲaɾˠəg/}} ''red'' (eclipsed) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan=3 | '''ng''' | | rowspan=3 | '''ng''' | ||
| broad | | broad | ||
| {{IPA|/ŋ/}} word-initially <small>(eclipsis of '''g-''') </small><br />{{IPA|/ŋg/}} word-internally and finally | | {{IPA|/ŋ/}} word-initially <small>(eclipsis of '''g-''') </small><br />{{IPA|/ŋg/}} word-internally and finally | ||
| {{lang|ga|ngasúr}} {{IPA|/ˈŋasˠuːɾˠ/}} | | {{lang|ga|ngasúr}} {{IPA|/ˈŋasˠuːɾˠ/}} ''boy'' (eclipsed)<br />{{lang|ga|long}} {{IPA|/ɫ̪uːŋg/}} ''ship'', {{lang|ga|teanga}} {{IPA|/ˈtʲaŋgə/}} ''tongue'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan=2 | slender | | rowspan=2 | slender | ||
| {{IPA|/ɲ/}} word-initially <small>(eclipsis of '''g-''') </small><br />{{IPA|/ɲɟ/}} word-internally and finally | | {{IPA|/ɲ/}} word-initially <small>(eclipsis of '''g-''') </small><br />{{IPA|/ɲɟ/}} word-internally and finally | ||
| {{lang|ga|ngeata}} {{IPA|/ˈɲat̪ˠə/}} | | {{lang|ga|ngeata}} {{IPA|/ˈɲat̪ˠə/}} ''gate'' (eclipsed)<br />{{lang|ga|cuing}} {{IPA|/kɪɲɟ/}} ''yoke'', {{lang|ga|ingear}} {{IPA|/ˈɪɲɟəɾˠ/}} ''vertical'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{IPA|/nʲ/}} in final unstressed '''-ing''' | | {{IPA|/nʲ/}} in final unstressed '''-ing''' | ||
| {{lang|ga|scilling}} {{IPA|/ˈʃcilʲənʲ/}} | | {{lang|ga|scilling}} {{IPA|/ˈʃcilʲənʲ/}} ''shilling'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan=2 | '''p''' | | rowspan=2 | '''p''' | ||
| broad | | broad | ||
| {{IPA|/pˠ/}} | | {{IPA|/pˠ/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|poll}} {{IPA|/pˠoːɫ̪/}} | | {{lang|ga|poll}} {{IPA|/pˠoːɫ̪/}} ''hole'', {{lang|ga|stop}} {{IPA|/sˠt̪ˠɔpˠ/}} ''stop'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| slender | | slender | ||
| {{IPA|/pʲ/}} | | {{IPA|/pʲ/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|príosún}} {{IPA|/ˈpʲɾʲiːsˠuːn̪ˠ/}} | | {{lang|ga|príosún}} {{IPA|/ˈpʲɾʲiːsˠuːn̪ˠ/}} ''prison'', {{lang|ga|truip}} {{IPA|/t̪ˠɾˠɪpʲ/}} ''trip'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan=2 | '''ph''' | | rowspan=2 | '''ph''' | ||
| broad | | broad | ||
| {{IPA|/fˠ/}} | | {{IPA|/fˠ/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|pholl}} {{IPA|/fˠoːɫ̪ʲ/}} | | {{lang|ga|pholl}} {{IPA|/fˠoːɫ̪ʲ/}} ''hole'' (lenited) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| slender | | slender | ||
| {{IPA|/fʲ/}} | | {{IPA|/fʲ/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|phríosún}} {{IPA|/ˈfʲɾʲiːsˠuːn̪ˠ/}} | | {{lang|ga|phríosún}} {{IPA|/ˈfʲɾʲiːsˠuːn̪ˠ/}} ''prison'' (lenited) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan=2 | '''r''' | | rowspan=2 | '''r''' | ||
| broad<br /><small>(Always broad word-initially. Always broad in '''rt, rth, rd, rn, rl, rs, sr'''.)</small> | | broad<br /><small>(Always broad word-initially. Always broad in '''rt, rth, rd, rn, rl, rs, sr'''.)</small> | ||
| {{IPA|/ɾˠ/}} | | {{IPA|/ɾˠ/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|rí}} {{IPA|/ɾˠiː/}} | | {{lang|ga|rí}} {{IPA|/ɾˠiː/}} ''king'', {{lang|ga|cuairt}} {{IPA|/kuəɾˠtʲ/}} ''visit'', {{lang|ga|oirthear}} {{IPA|/ˈɔɾˠhəɾˠ/}} ''east'', {{lang|ga|airde}} {{IPA|/aːɾˠdʲə/}} ''height'', {{lang|ga|coirnéal}} {{IPA|/ˈkoːɾˠnʲeːɫ̪/}} ''corner'', {{lang|ga|duirling}} {{IPA|/ˈd̪ˠuːɾˠlʲənʲ/}} ''stony beach'', {{lang|ga|sreang}} {{IPA|/sˠɾˠaŋg/}} ''string'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| slender | | slender | ||
| {{IPA|/rʲ/}} | | {{IPA|/rʲ/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|tirim}} {{IPA|/ˈtʲɪɾʲəmʲ/}} | | {{lang|ga|tirim}} {{IPA|/ˈtʲɪɾʲəmʲ/}} ''dry'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=2 | '''rr''' | | colspan=2 | '''rr''' | ||
| {{IPA|/ɾˠ/}} | | {{IPA|/ɾˠ/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|barr}} {{IPA|/baːɾˠ/}} | | {{lang|ga|barr}} {{IPA|/baːɾˠ/}} ''tip, point'', {{lang|ga|cairr}} {{IPA|/kaːɾˠ/}} ''car'' (genitive) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan=2 | '''s''' | | rowspan=2 | '''s''' | ||
| broad | | broad | ||
| {{IPA|/sˠ/}}<br /><small>(Always broad word-initially before '''m, p, r'''.)</small> | | {{IPA|/sˠ/}}<br /><small>(Always broad word-initially before '''m, p, r'''.)</small> | ||
| {{lang|ga|Sasana}} {{IPA|/ˈsˠasˠən̪ˠə/}} | | {{lang|ga|Sasana}} {{IPA|/ˈsˠasˠən̪ˠə/}} ''England'', {{lang|ga|tús}} {{IPA|/t̪ˠuːsˠ/}} ''beginning'', {{lang|ga|speal}} {{IPA|/sˠpʲaɫ̪/}} ''scythe'', {{lang|ga|sméar}} {{IPA|/sˠmʲeːɾˠ/}} ''blackberry'', {{lang|ga|sreang}} {{IPA|/sˠɾˠaŋg/}} ''string'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| slender | | slender | ||
| {{IPA|/ʃ/}} | | {{IPA|/ʃ/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|sean}} {{IPA|/ʃan̪ˠ/}} | | {{lang|ga|sean}} {{IPA|/ʃan̪ˠ/}} ''old'', {{lang|ga|cáis}} {{IPA|/kaːʃ/}} ''cheese'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan=2 | '''sh''' | | rowspan=2 | '''sh''' | ||
| broad | | broad | ||
| {{IPA|/h/}} | | {{IPA|/h/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|Shasana}} {{IPA|/ˈhasˠən̪ˠə/}} | | {{lang|ga|Shasana}} {{IPA|/ˈhasˠən̪ˠə/}} ''England'' (lenited) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| slender | | slender | ||
| {{IPA|/h/}}<br />{{IPA|/ç/}} before {{IPA|/aː, oː, u(ː)/}} | | {{IPA|/h/}}<br />{{IPA|/ç/}} before {{IPA|/aː, oː, u(ː)/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|shean}} {{IPA|/han̪ˠ/}} | | {{lang|ga|shean}} {{IPA|/han̪ˠ/}} ''old'' (lenited)<br />{{lang|ga|Sheáin}} {{IPA|/çaːnʲ/}} ''John'' (genitive), {{lang|ga|sheol}} {{IPA|/çoːɫ̪/}} ''sailed'', {{lang|ga|shiúil}} {{IPA|/çuːlʲ/}} ''walked'', {{lang|ga|shiopa}} {{IPA|/ˈçʊpˠə/}} ''shop'' (lenited) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan=3 | '''t''' | | rowspan=3 | '''t''' | ||
| broad | | broad | ||
| {{IPA|/t̪ˠ/}} | | {{IPA|/t̪ˠ/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|taisce}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ˠaʃcə/}} | | {{lang|ga|taisce}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ˠaʃcə/}} ''treasure'', {{lang|ga|ceart}} {{IPA|/caɾˠt̪ˠ/}} ''correct'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| slender | | slender | ||
| {{IPA|/tʲ/}} | | {{IPA|/tʲ/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|tír}} {{IPA|/tʲiːɾʲ/}} | | {{lang|ga|tír}} {{IPA|/tʲiːɾʲ/}} ''country'', {{lang|ga|beirt}} {{IPA|/bʲɛɾˠtʲ/}} ''two (people)'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=3 | See [[#Special pronunciations in verb forms|Special pronunciations in verb forms]] for '''-t-''' in verbal adjectives | | colspan=3 | See [[#Special pronunciations in verb forms|Special pronunciations in verb forms]] for '''-t-''' in verbal adjectives | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan= | | rowspan=''4'' | '''th''' | ||
| broad | | broad | ||
| {{IPA|/h/}} | | {{IPA|/h/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|thaisce}} {{IPA|/ˈhaʃcə/}} | | {{lang|ga|thaisce}} {{IPA|/ˈhaʃcə/}} ''treasure'' (lenited), {{lang|ga|athair}} {{IPA|/ˈahəɾʲ/}} ''father'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| slender | | slender | ||
| {{IPA|/h/}}<br />{{IPA|/ç/}} when lenited from {{IPA|/tʲaː-, tʲoː-, tʲu(ː)-/}} | | {{IPA|/h/}}<br />{{IPA|/ç/}} when lenited from {{IPA|/tʲaː-, tʲoː-, tʲu(ː)-/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|theanga}} {{IPA|/ˈhaŋgə/}} | | {{lang|ga|theanga}} {{IPA|/ˈhaŋgə/}} ''tongue'' (lenited)<br />{{lang|ga|theann}} {{IPA|/çaːn̪ˠ/}} ''tight'' (lenited), {{lang|ga|theocht}} {{IPA|/çoːxt̪ˠ/}} ''heat'' (lenited), {{lang|ga|thiúilip}} {{IPA|/ˈçuːlʲəpʲ/}} ''tulip'' (lenited), {{lang|ga|thiocfadh}} {{IPA|/ˈçʊkəx/}} ''would come'', {{lang|ga|thiubh}} {{IPA|/çʊw/}} ''thick'' (lenited) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=2 | Silent at the end of a syllable | | colspan=2 | Silent at the end of a syllable | ||
| {{lang|ga|bláth}} {{IPA|/bˠɫ̪aː/}} | | {{lang|ga|bláth}} {{IPA|/bˠɫ̪aː/}} ''blossom'', {{lang|ga|cith}} {{IPA|/cɪ/}} ''shower'', {{lang|ga|cothrom}} {{IPA|/ˈkɔɾˠəmˠ/}} ''equal'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=3 | See [[#Special pronunciations in verb forms|Special pronunciations in verb forms]] for '''-th-''' in verbal adjectives | | colspan=3 | See [[#Special pronunciations in verb forms|Special pronunciations in verb forms]] for '''-th-''' in verbal adjectives | ||
| Line 322: | Line 321: | ||
| broad | | broad | ||
| {{IPA|/t̪ˠ/}} | | {{IPA|/t̪ˠ/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|an tsolais}} {{IPA|/ən̪ˠ ˈt̪ˠɔɫ̪əʃ/}} | | {{lang|ga|an tsolais}} {{IPA|/ən̪ˠ ˈt̪ˠɔɫ̪əʃ/}} ''of the light'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| slender | | slender | ||
| {{IPA|/tʲ/}} | | {{IPA|/tʲ/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|an tSín}} {{IPA|/ənʲ tʲiːnʲ/}} | | {{lang|ga|an tSín}} {{IPA|/ənʲ tʲiːnʲ/}} ''China'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan=2 | '''v''' | | rowspan=2 | '''v''' | ||
| broad | | broad | ||
| {{IPA|/w/}} | | {{IPA|/w/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|vóta}} {{IPA|/ˈwoːt̪ˠə/}} | | {{lang|ga|vóta}} {{IPA|/ˈwoːt̪ˠə/}} ''vote'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| slender | | slender | ||
| {{IPA|/vʲ/}} | | {{IPA|/vʲ/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|veidhlín}} {{IPA|/ˈvʲailʲiːnʲ/}} | | {{lang|ga|veidhlín}} {{IPA|/ˈvʲailʲiːnʲ/}} ''violin'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Vowels== | ==Vowels== | ||
The following chart indicates how written vowels are ''generally'' pronounced. Each dialect has certain divergences from this general scheme. | The following chart indicates how written vowels are ''generally'' pronounced. Each dialect has certain divergences from this general scheme. | ||
{| class= | {| class=''wikitable'' | ||
! colspan=2 | Letter(s) | ! colspan=2 | Letter(s) | ||
! Phoneme | ! Phoneme | ||
| Line 348: | Line 347: | ||
| rowspan=2 | stressed | | rowspan=2 | stressed | ||
| {{IPA|/a/}} | | {{IPA|/a/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|fan}} {{IPA|/fˠan̪ˠ/}} | | {{lang|ga|fan}} {{IPA|/fˠan̪ˠ/}} ''stay'' (imper.) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{IPA|/aː/}} before '''rl, rn, rd'''<br />before syllable-final '''ll, nn, rr'''<br />before word-final '''m''' | | {{IPA|/aː/}} before '''rl, rn, rd'''<br />before syllable-final '''ll, nn, rr'''<br />before word-final '''m''' | ||
| {{lang|ga|tarlú}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ˠaːɾˠɫ̪uː/}} | | {{lang|ga|tarlú}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ˠaːɾˠɫ̪uː/}} ''happening'', {{lang|ga|carnán}} {{IPA|/ˈkaːɾˠn̪ˠaːn̪ˠ/}} ''(small) heap'', {{lang|ga|garda}} {{IPA|/ˈgaːɾˠd̪ˠə/}} ''policeman''<br />{{lang|ga|mall}} {{IPA|/mˠaːɫ̪/}} ''slow, late'', {{lang|ga|ann}} {{IPA|/aːn̪ˠ/}} ''there'', {{lang|ga|barr}} {{IPA|/bˠaːɾˠ/}} ''tip, point''<br />{{lang|ga|am}} {{IPA|/aːmˠ/}} ''time'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| unstressed | | unstressed | ||
| {{IPA|/ə/}} | | {{IPA|/ə/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|ólann}} {{IPA|/ˈoːɫ̪ən̪ˠ/}} | | {{lang|ga|ólann}} {{IPA|/ˈoːɫ̪ən̪ˠ/}} ''drink'' (present), {{lang|ga|mála}} {{IPA|/ˈmˠaːɫ̪ə/}} ''bag'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=2 | '''á''' | | colspan=2 | '''á''' | ||
| {{IPA|/aː/}} | | {{IPA|/aː/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|bán}} {{IPA|/bˠaːn̪ˠ/}} | | {{lang|ga|bán}} {{IPA|/bˠaːn̪ˠ/}} ''white'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''abh(a(i))''' | | '''abh(a(i))''' | ||
| stressed | | stressed | ||
| {{IPA|/au/}} | | {{IPA|/au/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|abhainn}} {{IPA|/aunʲ/}} | | {{lang|ga|abhainn}} {{IPA|/aunʲ/}} ''river'', {{lang|ga|cabhrach}} {{IPA|/ˈkauɾˠəx/}} ''helpful'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''adh(a(i))''' | | '''adh(a(i))''' | ||
| stressed | | stressed | ||
| {{IPA|/ai/}} | | {{IPA|/ai/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|adhairt}} {{IPA|/aiɾˠtʲ/}} | | {{lang|ga|adhairt}} {{IPA|/aiɾˠtʲ/}} ''pillow'', {{lang|ga|Tadhg}} {{IPA|/t̪ˠaig/}} (man's name) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan= | | rowspan=''2'' | '''adh''' | ||
| unstressed | | unstressed | ||
| {{IPA|/ə/}} | | {{IPA|/ə/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|margadh}} {{IPA|/ˈmˠaɾˠəgə/}} | | {{lang|ga|margadh}} {{IPA|/ˈmˠaɾˠəgə/}} ''market'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan= | | colspan=''3'' | See also [[#Special pronunciations in verb forms|Special pronunciations in verb forms]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=2 | '''ae(i)''' | | colspan=2 | '''ae(i)''' | ||
| {{IPA|/eː/}} | | {{IPA|/eː/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|Gaelach}} {{IPA|/ˈgeːɫ̪əx/}} | | {{lang|ga|Gaelach}} {{IPA|/ˈgeːɫ̪əx/}} ''Gaelic'', {{lang|ga|Gaeilge}} {{IPA|/ˈgeːlʲɟə/}} ''Irish (language)'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=2 | '''agh(a(i))''' | | colspan=2 | '''agh(a(i))''' | ||
| {{IPA|/ai/}} | | {{IPA|/ai/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|aghaidh}} {{IPA|/aij/}} | | {{lang|ga|aghaidh}} {{IPA|/aij/}} ''face'', {{lang|ga|saghsanna}} {{IPA|/ˈsˠaisˠən̪ˠə/}} ''sorts, kinds'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan=4 | '''ai''' | | rowspan=4 | '''ai''' | ||
| rowspan=3 | stressed | | rowspan=3 | stressed | ||
| {{IPA|/a/}} | | {{IPA|/a/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|baile}} {{IPA|/ˈbˠalʲə/}} | | {{lang|ga|baile}} {{IPA|/ˈbˠalʲə/}} ''home'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{IPA|/aː/}} before '''rl, rn, rd'''<br />before syllable-final '''ll, nn, rr''' | | {{IPA|/aː/}} before '''rl, rn, rd'''<br />before syllable-final '''ll, nn, rr''' | ||
| {{lang|ga|airne}} {{IPA|/aːɾˠnʲə/}} | | {{lang|ga|airne}} {{IPA|/aːɾˠnʲə/}} ''sloe''<br />{{lang|ga|caillte}} {{IPA|/ˈkaːlʲtʲə/}} ''lost, ruined'', {{lang|ga|crainn}} {{IPA|/kɾˠaːnʲ/}} ''trees'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{IPA|/ɛ/}} before '''bh''' in a handful of words | | {{IPA|/ɛ/}} before '''bh''' in a handful of words | ||
| {{lang|ga|raibh}} {{IPA|/ɾˠɛvʲ/}} | | {{lang|ga|raibh}} {{IPA|/ɾˠɛvʲ/}} ''was'' (dependent), {{lang|ga|daibhir}} {{IPA|/ˈd̪ˠɛvəɾʲ/}} ''poor'', {{lang|ga|saibhir}} {{IPA|/ˈsˠɛvʲərʲ/}} ''rich'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| unstressed | | unstressed | ||
| {{IPA|/ə/}} | | {{IPA|/ə/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|eolais}} {{IPA|/ˈoːɫ̪əʃ/}} | | {{lang|ga|eolais}} {{IPA|/ˈoːɫ̪əʃ/}} ''knowledge'' (genitive) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=2 | '''ái''' | | colspan=2 | '''ái''' | ||
| {{IPA|/aː/}} | | {{IPA|/aː/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|dáil}} {{IPA|/d̪ˠaːlʲ/}} | | {{lang|ga|dáil}} {{IPA|/d̪ˠaːlʲ/}} ''assembly'', {{lang|ga|gabháil}} {{IPA|/ˈgawaːlʲ/}} ''taking'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=2 | '''aí''' | | colspan=2 | '''aí''' | ||
| {{IPA|/iː/}} | | {{IPA|/iː/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|maígh}} {{IPA|/mˠiːj/}} | | {{lang|ga|maígh}} {{IPA|/mˠiːj/}} ''claim'' (imper.), {{lang|ga|gutaí}} {{IPA|/ˈgʊt̪ˠiː/}} ''vowels'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan=3 | '''aidh, aigh''' | | rowspan=3 | '''aidh, aigh''' | ||
| stressed | | stressed | ||
| {{IPA|/ai/}} | | {{IPA|/ai/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|aidhm}} {{IPA|/aimʲ/}} | | {{lang|ga|aidhm}} {{IPA|/aimʲ/}} ''aim'', {{lang|ga|saighdiúir}} {{IPA|/ˈsˠaidʲuːrʲ/}} ''soldier'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| unstressed | | unstressed | ||
| {{IPA|/iː/}} | | {{IPA|/iː/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|cleachtaidh}} {{IPA|/ˈclʲaxt̪ˠiː/}} | | {{lang|ga|cleachtaidh}} {{IPA|/ˈclʲaxt̪ˠiː/}} ''practice'' (genitive), {{lang|ga|bacaigh}} {{IPA|/ˈbˠakiː/}} ''beggar'' (genitive) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan= | | colspan=''3'' | See also [[#Special pronunciations in verb forms|Special pronunciations in verb forms]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=2 | '''aío''' | | colspan=2 | '''aío''' | ||
| {{IPA|/iː/}} | | {{IPA|/iː/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|naíonán}} {{IPA|/ˈn̪ˠiːn̪ˠaːn̪ˠ/}} | | {{lang|ga|naíonán}} {{IPA|/ˈn̪ˠiːn̪ˠaːn̪ˠ/}} ''infant'', {{lang|ga|beannaíonn}} {{IPA|/ˈbʲan̪ˠiːn̪ˠ/}} ''blesses'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=2 | '''amh(a(i))''' | | colspan=2 | '''amh(a(i))''' | ||
| {{IPA|/au/}} | | {{IPA|/au/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|Samhain}} {{IPA|/sˠaunʲ/}} | | {{lang|ga|Samhain}} {{IPA|/sˠaunʲ/}} ''November'', {{lang|ga|amhantar}} {{IPA|/ˈaun̪ˠt̪ˠəɾˠ/}} ''venture'', {{lang|ga|ramhraigh}} {{IPA|/ˈɾˠauɾˠiː/}} ''fattened'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=2 rowspan= | | colspan=2 rowspan=''2'' | '''ao''' | ||
| {{IPA|/iː/}} | | {{IPA|/iː/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|saol}} {{IPA|/sˠiːɫ̪/}} | | {{lang|ga|saol}} {{IPA|/sˠiːɫ̪/}} ''life, world'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=2 | {{IPA|/eː/}} in the word {{lang|ga|aon}} {{IPA|/eːn̪ˠ/}} | | colspan=2 | {{IPA|/eː/}} in the word {{lang|ga|aon}} {{IPA|/eːn̪ˠ/}} ''one'' and its derivatives, e.g. {{lang|ga|aontacht}} {{IPA|/ˈeːn̪ˠt̪ˠəxt̪ˠ/}} ''union'', {{lang|ga|na Stáit Aontaithe}} {{IPA|/n̪ˠə sˠt̪ˠaːtʲ ˈeːn̪ˠt̪ˠəhə/}} ''the United States'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=2 | '''aoi''' | | colspan=2 | '''aoi''' | ||
| {{IPA|/iː/}} | | {{IPA|/iː/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|gaois}} {{IPA|/giːʃ/}} | | {{lang|ga|gaois}} {{IPA|/giːʃ/}} ''shrewdness'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan=2 | '''e''' | | rowspan=2 | '''e''' | ||
| stressed | | stressed | ||
| {{IPA|/ɛ/}} | | {{IPA|/ɛ/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|te}} {{IPA|/tʲɛ/}} | | {{lang|ga|te}} {{IPA|/tʲɛ/}} ''hot'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| unstressed | | unstressed | ||
| {{IPA|/ə/}} | | {{IPA|/ə/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|míle}} {{IPA|/ˈmʲiːlʲə/}} | | {{lang|ga|míle}} {{IPA|/ˈmʲiːlʲə/}} ''thousand'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=2 | '''é''' | | colspan=2 | '''é''' | ||
| {{IPA|/eː/}} | | {{IPA|/eː/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|sé}} {{IPA|/ʃeː/}} | | {{lang|ga|sé}} {{IPA|/ʃeː/}} ''he'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan=4 | '''ea''' | | rowspan=4 | '''ea''' | ||
| rowspan=3 | stressed | | rowspan=3 | stressed | ||
| {{IPA|/a/}} | | {{IPA|/a/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|bean}} {{IPA|/bʲan̪ˠ/}} | | {{lang|ga|bean}} {{IPA|/bʲan̪ˠ/}} ''woman'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{IPA|/aː/}} before '''rl, rn, rd'''<br />before syllable-final '''ll, nn, rr''' | | {{IPA|/aː/}} before '''rl, rn, rd'''<br />before syllable-final '''ll, nn, rr''' | ||
| {{lang|ga|bearna}} {{IPA|/ˈbʲaːɾˠn̪ˠə/}} | | {{lang|ga|bearna}} {{IPA|/ˈbʲaːɾˠn̪ˠə/}} ''gap''<br />{{lang|ga|feall}} {{IPA|/fʲaːɫ̪/}} ''treachery'', {{lang|ga|feanntach}} {{IPA|/ˈfʲaːn̪ˠt̪ˠəx/}} ''severe'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=2 | {{IPA|/ɔ/}} in the word {{lang|ga|''beag''}} {{IPA|/bʲɔg/}} | | colspan=2 | {{IPA|/ɔ/}} in the word {{lang|ga|''beag''}} {{IPA|/bʲɔg/}} ''small'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| unstressed | | unstressed | ||
| {{IPA|/ə/}} | | {{IPA|/ə/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|seisean}} {{IPA|/ˈʃɛʃən̪ˠ/}} | | {{lang|ga|seisean}} {{IPA|/ˈʃɛʃən̪ˠ/}} ''he'' (emph.) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=2 | '''éa''' | | colspan=2 | '''éa''' | ||
| {{IPA|/eː/}} | | {{IPA|/eː/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|déanamh}} {{IPA|/ˈdʲeːn̪ˠəw/}} | | {{lang|ga|déanamh}} {{IPA|/ˈdʲeːn̪ˠəw/}} ''doing'', {{lang|ga|buidéal}} {{IPA|/ˈbˠɪdʲeːɫ̪/}} ''bottle'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=2 | '''eá''' | | colspan=2 | '''eá''' | ||
| {{IPA|/aː/}} | | {{IPA|/aː/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|Seán}} {{IPA|/ʃaːn̪ˠ/}} | | {{lang|ga|Seán}} {{IPA|/ʃaːn̪ˠ/}} ''John''<br />{{lang|ga|caisleán}} {{IPA|/ˈkaʃlʲaːn̪ˠ/}} ''castle'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=2 | '''eabh(a(i))''' | | colspan=2 | '''eabh(a(i))''' | ||
| {{IPA|/au/}} | | {{IPA|/au/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|leabhair}} {{IPA|/lʲauɾʲ/}} | | {{lang|ga|leabhair}} {{IPA|/lʲauɾʲ/}} ''books''<br />{{lang|ga|Feabhra}} {{IPA|/ˈfʲauɾˠə/}} ''February'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''eadh(a(i)''' | | '''eadh(a(i)''' | ||
| stressed | | stressed | ||
| {{IPA|/ai/}} | | {{IPA|/ai/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|meadhg}} {{IPA|/mʲaig/}} | | {{lang|ga|meadhg}} {{IPA|/mʲaig/}} ''whey'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan=2 | '''-eadh''' | | rowspan=2 | '''-eadh''' | ||
| unstressed | | unstressed | ||
| {{IPA|/ə/}} | | {{IPA|/ə/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|briseadh}} {{IPA|/ˈbʲɾʲɪʃə/}} | | {{lang|ga|briseadh}} {{IPA|/ˈbʲɾʲɪʃə/}} ''breaking'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan= | | colspan=''3'' | See also [[#Special pronunciations in verb forms|Special pronunciations in verb forms]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=2 | '''eai''' | | colspan=2 | '''eai''' | ||
| {{IPA|/a/}} | | {{IPA|/a/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|veain}} {{IPA|/vʲanʲ/}} | | {{lang|ga|veain}} {{IPA|/vʲanʲ/}} ''van'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=2 | '''eái''' | | colspan=2 | '''eái''' | ||
| {{IPA|/aː/}} | | {{IPA|/aː/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|meáin}} {{IPA|/mʲaːnʲ/}} | | {{lang|ga|meáin}} {{IPA|/mʲaːnʲ/}} ''middles'', {{lang|ga|caisleáin}} {{IPA|/ˈkaʃlʲaːnʲ/}} ''castles'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=2 | '''eamh(a(i))''' | | colspan=2 | '''eamh(a(i))''' | ||
| {{IPA|/au/}} | | {{IPA|/au/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|sleamhain}} {{IPA|/ʃlʲaunʲ/}} | | {{lang|ga|sleamhain}} {{IPA|/ʃlʲaunʲ/}} ''smooth'', {{lang|ga|leamhnacht}} {{IPA|/ˈlʲaun̪ˠəxt̪ˠ/}} ''new milk'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan= | | rowspan=''5'' colspan=2 | '''ei''' | ||
| {{IPA|/ɛ/}} | | {{IPA|/ɛ/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|ceist}} {{IPA|/cɛʃtʲ/}} | | {{lang|ga|ceist}} {{IPA|/cɛʃtʲ/}} ''question'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{IPA|/ɪ/}} before '''m, mh, n''' | | {{IPA|/ɪ/}} before '''m, mh, n''' | ||
| {{lang|ga|creimeadh}} {{IPA|/ˈcɾʲɪmʲə/}} | | {{lang|ga|creimeadh}} {{IPA|/ˈcɾʲɪmʲə/}} ''corrosion, erosion'', {{lang|ga|geimhreadh}} {{IPA|/ˈɟɪvʲrʲə/}} ''winter'', {{lang|ga|seinm}} {{IPA|/ˈʃɪnʲəmʲ/}} ''playing'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{IPA|/eː/}} before '''rl, rn, rd''' | | {{IPA|/eː/}} before '''rl, rn, rd''' | ||
| {{lang|ga|eirleach}} {{IPA|/ˈeːɾˠlʲəx/}} | | {{lang|ga|eirleach}} {{IPA|/ˈeːɾˠlʲəx/}} ''destruction'', {{lang|ga|ceirnín}} {{IPA|/ˈceːɾˠnʲiːnʲ/}} ''record album'', {{lang|ga|ceird}} {{IPA|/ceːɾˠdʲ/}} ''trade, craft'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{IPA|/ai/}} before syllable-final '''ll''' | | {{IPA|/ai/}} before syllable-final '''ll''' | ||
| {{lang|ga|feill-}} {{IPA|/fʲailʲ/}} | | {{lang|ga|feill-}} {{IPA|/fʲailʲ/}} ''exceedingly'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{IPA|/iː/}} before syllable-final '''nn''' and word-final '''m''' | | {{IPA|/iː/}} before syllable-final '''nn''' and word-final '''m''' | ||
| {{lang|ga|greim}} {{IPA|/ɟɾʲiːmʲ/}} | | {{lang|ga|greim}} {{IPA|/ɟɾʲiːmʲ/}} ''grip'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=2 | '''éi''' | | colspan=2 | '''éi''' | ||
| {{IPA|/eː/}} | | {{IPA|/eː/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|scéimh}} {{IPA|/ʃceːvʲ/}} | | {{lang|ga|scéimh}} {{IPA|/ʃceːvʲ/}} ''beauty'', {{lang|ga|páipéir}} {{IPA|/ˈpˠaːpʲeːɾʲ/}} ''papers'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=2 | '''eidh(i/ea), eigh(i/ea)''' | | colspan=2 | '''eidh(i/ea), eigh(i/ea)''' | ||
| {{IPA|/ai/}} | | {{IPA|/ai/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|feidhm}} {{IPA|/fʲaimʲ/}} | | {{lang|ga|feidhm}} {{IPA|/fʲaimʲ/}} ''function'', {{lang|ga|leigheas}} {{IPA|/lʲaisˠ/}} ''healing'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=2 rowspan=2 | '''eo''' | | colspan=2 rowspan=2 | '''eo''' | ||
| {{IPA|/oː/}} | | {{IPA|/oː/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|ceol}} {{IPA|/coːɫ̪/}} | | {{lang|ga|ceol}} {{IPA|/coːɫ̪/}} ''music'', {{lang|ga|baileofar}} {{IPA|/ˈbˠalʲoːfˠəɾˠ/}} ''one will gather'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=2 | {{IPA|/ɔ/}} in the words {{lang|ga|''anseo''}} {{IPA|/ənʲˈʃɔ/}} | | colspan=2 | {{IPA|/ɔ/}} in the words {{lang|ga|''anseo''}} {{IPA|/ənʲˈʃɔ/}} ''here'', {{lang|ga|''deoch''}} {{IPA|/dʲɔx/}} ''a drink'', {{lang|ga|eochair}} {{IPA|/ˈɔxəɾʲ/}} ''a key'', and {{lang|ga|''seo''}} {{IPA|/ʃɔ/}} ''this'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=2 | '''eoi''' | | colspan=2 | '''eoi''' | ||
| {{IPA|/oː/}} | | {{IPA|/oː/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|dreoilín}} {{IPA|/ˈdʲɾʲoːlʲiːnʲ/}} | | {{lang|ga|dreoilín}} {{IPA|/ˈdʲɾʲoːlʲiːnʲ/}} ''wren'', {{lang|ga|baileoimid}} {{IPA|/ˈbˠalʲoːmʲədʲ/}} ''we will gather'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan=3 | '''i''' | | rowspan=3 | '''i''' | ||
| rowspan=2 | stressed | | rowspan=2 | stressed | ||
| {{IPA|/ɪ/}} | | {{IPA|/ɪ/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|pic}} {{IPA|/pʲɪc/}} | | {{lang|ga|pic}} {{IPA|/pʲɪc/}} ''pitch'', {{lang|ga|ifreann}} {{IPA|/ˈɪfʲɾʲən/}} ''hell'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{IPA|/iː/}} before syllable-final '''ll, nn'''<br />before word-final '''m''' | | {{IPA|/iː/}} before syllable-final '''ll, nn'''<br />before word-final '''m''' | ||
| {{lang|ga|cill}} {{IPA|/ciːlʲ/}} | | {{lang|ga|cill}} {{IPA|/ciːlʲ/}} ''church'', {{lang|ga|cinnte}} {{IPA|/ˈciːnʲtʲə/}} ''sure''<br />{{lang|ga|im}} {{IPA|/iːmʲ/}} ''butter'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| unstressed | | unstressed | ||
| {{IPA|/ə/}} | | {{IPA|/ə/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|faoistin}} {{IPA|/ˈfˠiːʃtʲənʲ/}} | | {{lang|ga|faoistin}} {{IPA|/ˈfˠiːʃtʲənʲ/}} ''confession'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=2 | '''í''' | | colspan=2 | '''í''' | ||
| {{IPA|/iː/}} | | {{IPA|/iː/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|gnímh}} {{IPA|/ɟnʲiːvʲ/}} | | {{lang|ga|gnímh}} {{IPA|/ɟnʲiːvʲ/}} ''act, deed'' (gen.), {{lang|ga|cailín}} {{IPA|/ˈkalʲiːnʲ/}} 'girl' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=2 | '''ia''' | | colspan=2 | '''ia''' | ||
| {{IPA|/iə/}} | | {{IPA|/iə/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|Diarmaid}} {{IPA|/dʲiərmədʲ/}} | | {{lang|ga|Diarmaid}} {{IPA|/dʲiərmədʲ/}} ''Dermot'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=2 | '''iai''' | | colspan=2 | '''iai''' | ||
| {{IPA|/iə/}} | | {{IPA|/iə/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|bliain}} {{IPA|/bʲlʲiənʲ/}} | | {{lang|ga|bliain}} {{IPA|/bʲlʲiənʲ/}} ''year'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan= | | rowspan=''2'' | '''idh, igh''' | ||
| unstressed | | unstressed | ||
| {{IPA|/iː/}} | | {{IPA|/iː/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|tuillidh}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ˠɪlʲiː/}} | | {{lang|ga|tuillidh}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ˠɪlʲiː/}} ''addition'' (gen.), {{lang|ga|coiligh}} {{IPA|/ˈkɛlʲiː/}} ''rooster'' (gen.) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan= | | colspan=''3'' | See also [[#Special pronunciations in verb forms|Special pronunciations in verb forms]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan= | | rowspan=''3'' colspan=2 | '''io''' | ||
| {{IPA|/ɪ/}} before coronals and '''th''' | | {{IPA|/ɪ/}} before coronals and '''th''' | ||
| {{lang|ga|fios}} {{IPA|/fʲɪsˠ/}} | | {{lang|ga|fios}} {{IPA|/fʲɪsˠ/}} ''knowledge'', {{lang|ga|bior}} {{IPA|/bʲɪɾˠ/}} ''spit, spike'', {{lang|ga|cion}} {{IPA|/cɪn̪ˠ/}} ''affection'', {{lang|ga|giota}} {{IPA|/ˈɟɪt̪ˠə/}} ''bit, piece'', {{lang|ga|giodam}} {{IPA|/ˈɟɪd̪ˠəmˠ/}} ''restlessness'', {{lang|ga|friotháil}} {{IPA|/ˈfʲɾʲɪhaːlʲ/}} ''attention'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{IPA|/ʊ/}} before noncoronals | | {{IPA|/ʊ/}} before noncoronals | ||
| {{lang|ga|siopa}} {{IPA|/ˈʃʊpˠə/}} | | {{lang|ga|siopa}} {{IPA|/ˈʃʊpˠə/}} ''shop'', {{lang|ga|liom}} {{IPA|/lʲʊmˠ/}} ''with me'', {{lang|ga|tiocfaidh}} {{IPA|/ˈtʲʊkiː/}} ''will come'', {{lang|ga|Siobhán}} {{IPA|/ˈʃʊwaːn̪ˠ/}} ''Joan'', {{lang|ga|briogáid}} {{IPA|/ˈbʲɾʲʊgaːdʲ/}} ''brigade'', {{lang|ga|tiomáin}} {{IPA|/ˈtʲʊmaːnʲ/}} ''drive'' (imper.), {{lang|ga|ionga}} {{IPA|/ˈʊŋgə/}} ''(finger)nail'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{IPA|/iː/}} before syllable-final '''nn''' | | {{IPA|/iː/}} before syllable-final '''nn''' | ||
| {{lang|ga|fionn}} {{IPA|/fʲiːn̪ˠ/}} | | {{lang|ga|fionn}} {{IPA|/fʲiːn̪ˠ/}} ''light-haired'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan= | | colspan=''2'' | '''ío''' | ||
| {{IPA|/iː/}} | | {{IPA|/iː/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|síol}} {{IPA|/ʃiːɫ̪/}} | | {{lang|ga|síol}} {{IPA|/ʃiːɫ̪/}} ''seed'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=2 | '''iu''' | | colspan=2 | '''iu''' | ||
| {{IPA|/ʊ/}} | | {{IPA|/ʊ/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|fliuch}} {{IPA|/fʲlʲʊx/}} | | {{lang|ga|fliuch}} {{IPA|/fʲlʲʊx/}} ''wet'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=2 | '''iú''' | | colspan=2 | '''iú''' | ||
| {{IPA|/uː/}} | | {{IPA|/uː/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|siúl}} {{IPA|/ʃuːɫ̪/}} | | {{lang|ga|siúl}} {{IPA|/ʃuːɫ̪/}} ''walk'', {{lang|ga|bailiú}} {{IPA|/ˈbˠalʲuː/}} ''gathering'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=2 | '''iúi''' | | colspan=2 | '''iúi''' | ||
| {{IPA|/uː/}} | | {{IPA|/uː/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|ciúin}} {{IPA|/cuːnʲ/}} | | {{lang|ga|ciúin}} {{IPA|/cuːnʲ/}} ''quiet'', {{lang|ga|inniúil}} {{IPA|/ˈɪnʲuːlʲ/}} ''able, fit'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan=5 | '''o''' | | rowspan=5 | '''o''' | ||
| rowspan=4 | stressed | | rowspan=4 | stressed | ||
| {{IPA|/ɔ/}} | | {{IPA|/ɔ/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|post}} {{IPA|/pˠɔsˠt̪ˠ/}} | | {{lang|ga|post}} {{IPA|/pˠɔsˠt̪ˠ/}} ''post'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{IPA|/ʊ/}} before '''n, m''' | | {{IPA|/ʊ/}} before '''n, m''' | ||
| {{lang|ga|Donncha}} {{IPA|/ˈd̪ˠʊn̪əxə/}} (man's name), {{lang|ga|cromóg}} {{IPA|/ˈkɾˠʊmˠoːg/}} | | {{lang|ga|Donncha}} {{IPA|/ˈd̪ˠʊn̪əxə/}} (man's name), {{lang|ga|cromóg}} {{IPA|/ˈkɾˠʊmˠoːg/}} ''hooked nose'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{IPA|/oː/}} before '''rl, rn, rd'''<br />before syllable-final '''ll, rr''' | | {{IPA|/oː/}} before '''rl, rn, rd'''<br />before syllable-final '''ll, rr''' | ||
| {{lang|ga|bord}} {{IPA|/bˠoːɾˠd̪ˠ/}} | | {{lang|ga|bord}} {{IPA|/bˠoːɾˠd̪ˠ/}} ''table'', {{lang|ga|orlach}} {{IPA|/ˈoːɾˠɫ̪əx/}} ''inch''<br />{{lang|ga|poll}} {{IPA|/pˠoːɫ̪/}} ''hole'', {{lang|ga|corr}} {{IPA|/koːɾˠ/}} ''odd'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{IPA|/uː/}} before syllable-final '''nn'''<br />before word-final '''m, ng''' | | {{IPA|/uː/}} before syllable-final '''nn'''<br />before word-final '''m, ng''' | ||
| {{lang|ga|fonn}} {{IPA|/fˠuːn̪ˠ/}} | | {{lang|ga|fonn}} {{IPA|/fˠuːn̪ˠ/}} ''desire, inclination''<br />{{lang|ga|trom}} {{IPA|/t̪ˠɾˠuːmˠ/}} ''heavy'', {{lang|ga|long}} {{IPA|/ɫ̪uːŋg/}} ''ship'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| unstressed | | unstressed | ||
| {{IPA|/ə/}} | | {{IPA|/ə/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|mo}} {{IPA|/mˠə/}} | | {{lang|ga|mo}} {{IPA|/mˠə/}} ''my'', {{lang|ga|cothrom}} {{IPA|/ˈkɔɾˠəmˠ/}} ''equal'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=2 | '''ó''' | | colspan=2 | '''ó''' | ||
| {{IPA|/oː/}} | | {{IPA|/oː/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|póg}} {{IPA|/pˠoːg/}} | | {{lang|ga|póg}} {{IPA|/pˠoːg/}} ''kiss'', {{lang|ga|armónach}} {{IPA|/ˈaɾˠəmˠoːn̪əx/}} ''harmonic'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=2 | '''obh(a(i)), odh(a(i)), ogh(a(i))''' | | colspan=2 | '''obh(a(i)), odh(a(i)), ogh(a(i))''' | ||
| {{IPA|/au/}} | | {{IPA|/au/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|lobhar}} {{IPA|/ɫ̪auɾˠ/}} | | {{lang|ga|lobhar}} {{IPA|/ɫ̪auɾˠ/}} ''leper'', {{lang|ga|bodhar}} {{IPA|/bˠauɾˠ/}} ''deaf'', {{lang|ga|rogha}} {{IPA|/ɾˠau/}} ''choice'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan=7 | '''oi''' | | rowspan=7 | '''oi''' | ||
| rowspan=6 | stressed | | rowspan=6 | stressed | ||
| {{IPA|/ɛ/}} | | {{IPA|/ɛ/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|scoil}} {{IPA|/sˠkɛlʲ/}} | | {{lang|ga|scoil}} {{IPA|/sˠkɛlʲ/}} ''school'', {{lang|ga|troid}} {{IPA|/t̪ˠɾˠɛdʲ/}} ''fight'' (imper.), {{lang|ga|toitín}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ˠɛtʲiːnʲ/}} ''cigarette'', {{lang|ga|oibre}} {{IPA|/ˈɛbʲɾʲə/}} ''work'' (gen.), {{lang|ga|thoir}} {{IPA|/hɛɾʲ/}} ''in the east'', {{lang|ga|cloiche}} {{IPA|/ˈkɫ̪ɛhə/}} ''stone'' (gen.) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{IPA|/ɔ/}} before '''s, cht, rs, rt, rth''' | | {{IPA|/ɔ/}} before '''s, cht, rs, rt, rth''' | ||
| {{lang|ga|cois}} {{IPA|/kɔʃ/}} | | {{lang|ga|cois}} {{IPA|/kɔʃ/}} ''foot'' (dat.), {{lang|ga|cloisfidh}} {{IPA|/ˈkɫ̪ɔʃiː/}} ''will hear'', {{lang|ga|boicht}} {{IPA|/bˠɔxtʲ/}} ''poor'' (gen. sg. masc.), {{lang|ga|doirse}} {{IPA|/ˈd̪ɔɾˠʃə/}} ''doors'', {{lang|ga|goirt}} {{IPA|/gɔɾˠtʲ/}} ''salty'', {{lang|ga|oirthear}} {{IPA|/ˈɔɾˠhəɾˠ/}} ''east'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{IPA|/ɪ/}} next to '''n, m, mh''' | | {{IPA|/ɪ/}} next to '''n, m, mh''' | ||
| {{lang|ga|anois}} {{IPA|/əˈn̪ˠɪʃ/}} | | {{lang|ga|anois}} {{IPA|/əˈn̪ˠɪʃ/}} ''now'', {{lang|ga|gloine}} {{IPA|/ˈgɫ̪ɪnʲə/}} ''glass'', {{lang|ga|cnoic}} {{IPA|/kn̪ˠɪc/}} ''hills'', {{lang|ga|roimh}} {{IPA|/ɾˠɪvʲ/}} ''before'', {{lang|ga|coimeád}} {{IPA|/ˈkɪmʲaːd̪ˠ/}} ''keep'' (imper.), {{lang|ga|loinge}} {{IPA|/ˈɫ̪ɪɲɟə/}} ''ship'' (gen.) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{IPA|/ai/}} before syllable-final '''ll''' | | {{IPA|/ai/}} before syllable-final '''ll''' | ||
| {{lang|ga|coill}} {{IPA|/kailʲ/}} | | {{lang|ga|coill}} {{IPA|/kailʲ/}} ''forest, woods'', {{lang|ga|coillte}} {{IPA|/ˈkailʲtʲə/}} ''forests'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{IPA|/iː/}} before syllable-final '''nn''' and word-final '''m''' | | {{IPA|/iː/}} before syllable-final '''nn''' and word-final '''m''' | ||
| {{lang|ga|foinn}} {{IPA|/fˠiːnʲ/}} | | {{lang|ga|foinn}} {{IPA|/fˠiːnʲ/}} ''wish'' (gen.), {{lang|ga|droim}} {{IPA|/d̪ˠɾˠiːmʲ/}} ''back'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{IPA|/oː/}} before '''rl, rn, rd''' | | {{IPA|/oː/}} before '''rl, rn, rd''' | ||
| {{lang|ga|coirnéal}} {{IPA|/ˈkoːɾˠnʲeːɫ̪/}} | | {{lang|ga|coirnéal}} {{IPA|/ˈkoːɾˠnʲeːɫ̪/}} ''corner'', {{lang|ga|oird}} {{IPA|/oːɾˠdʲ/}} ''sledgehammers'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| unstressed | | unstressed | ||
| Line 644: | Line 643: | ||
| colspan=2 | '''ói''' | | colspan=2 | '''ói''' | ||
| {{IPA|/oː/}} | | {{IPA|/oː/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|móin}} {{IPA|/mˠoːnʲ/}} | | {{lang|ga|móin}} {{IPA|/mˠoːnʲ/}} ''sod, turf'', {{lang|ga|bádóir}} {{IPA|/ˈbˠaːd̪ˠoːrʲ/}} ''boatman'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=2 | '''oí''' | | colspan=2 | '''oí''' | ||
| {{IPA|/iː/}} | | {{IPA|/iː/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|croíleacán}} {{IPA|/ˈkɾˠiːlʲəkaːn̪ˠ/}} | | {{lang|ga|croíleacán}} {{IPA|/ˈkɾˠiːlʲəkaːn̪ˠ/}} ''core'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=2 | '''oidh(i/ea), oigh(i/ea)''' | | colspan=2 | '''oidh(i/ea), oigh(i/ea)''' | ||
| {{IPA|/ai/}} | | {{IPA|/ai/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|oidhre}} {{IPA|/airʲə/}} | | {{lang|ga|oidhre}} {{IPA|/airʲə/}} ''heir'', {{lang|ga|loighic}} {{IPA|/ɫ̪aic/}} ''logic'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=2 | '''oío''' | | colspan=2 | '''oío''' | ||
| {{IPA|/iː/}} | | {{IPA|/iː/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|croíonna}} {{IPA|/ˈkɾˠiːn̪ˠə/}} | | {{lang|ga|croíonna}} {{IPA|/ˈkɾˠiːn̪ˠə/}} ''hearts'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=2 | '''omh(a(i))''' | | colspan=2 | '''omh(a(i))''' | ||
| {{IPA|/oː/}} | | {{IPA|/oː/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|tomhail}} {{IPA|/t̪ˠoːlʲ/}} | | {{lang|ga|tomhail}} {{IPA|/t̪ˠoːlʲ/}} ''consume'' (imper.), {{lang|ga|Domhnach}} {{IPA|/ˈd̪ˠoːn̪ˠəx/}} ''Sunday'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan=4 | '''u''' | | rowspan=4 | '''u''' | ||
| rowspan=3 | stressed | | rowspan=3 | stressed | ||
| {{IPA|/ʊ/}} | | {{IPA|/ʊ/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|dubh}} {{IPA|/d̪ˠʊw/}} | | {{lang|ga|dubh}} {{IPA|/d̪ˠʊw/}} ''black'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{IPA|/ɔ/}} in English loanwords, corresponds to {{IPA|/ʌ/}} | | {{IPA|/ɔ/}} in English loanwords, corresponds to {{IPA|/ʌ/}} | ||
| Line 671: | Line 670: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{IPA|/uː/}} before '''rl, rn, rd''' | | {{IPA|/uː/}} before '''rl, rn, rd''' | ||
| {{lang|ga|burla}} {{IPA|/ˈbˠuːɾˠɫ̪ə/}} | | {{lang|ga|burla}} {{IPA|/ˈbˠuːɾˠɫ̪ə/}} ''bundle'', {{lang|ga|murnán}} {{IPA|/ˈmˠuːɾˠn̪ˠaːn̪ˠ/}} ''ankle'', {{lang|ga|urlár}} {{IPA|/ˈuːɾˠɫ̪aːɾˠ/}} ''floor'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| unstressed | | unstressed | ||
| {{IPA|/ə/}} | | {{IPA|/ə/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|agus}} {{IPA|/ˈagəs/}} | | {{lang|ga|agus}} {{IPA|/ˈagəs/}} ''and'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=2 | '''ú''' | | colspan=2 | '''ú''' | ||
| {{IPA|/uː/}} | | {{IPA|/uː/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|tús}} {{IPA|/t̪ˠuːsˠ/}} | | {{lang|ga|tús}} {{IPA|/t̪ˠuːsˠ/}} ''beginning'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=2 | '''ua''' | | colspan=2 | '''ua''' | ||
| {{IPA|/uə/}} | | {{IPA|/uə/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|fuar}} {{IPA|/fˠuəɾˠ/}} | | {{lang|ga|fuar}} {{IPA|/fˠuəɾˠ/}} ''cold'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=2 | '''uai''' | | colspan=2 | '''uai''' | ||
| {{IPA|/uə/}} | | {{IPA|/uə/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|fuair}} {{IPA|/fˠuəɾʲ/}} | | {{lang|ga|fuair}} {{IPA|/fˠuəɾʲ/}} ''got'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan=5 | '''ui''' | | rowspan=5 | '''ui''' | ||
| rowspan=4 | stressed | | rowspan=4 | stressed | ||
| {{IPA|/ɪ/}} | | {{IPA|/ɪ/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|duine}} {{IPA|/ˈd̪ˠɪnʲə/}} | | {{lang|ga|duine}} {{IPA|/ˈd̪ˠɪnʲə/}} ''person'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{IPA|/ʊ/}} before '''cht, rs, rt''' | | {{IPA|/ʊ/}} before '''cht, rs, rt''' | ||
| {{lang|ga|tuirseach}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ˠʊɾˠʃəx/}} | | {{lang|ga|tuirseach}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ˠʊɾˠʃəx/}} ''tired'', {{lang|ga|cluichte}} {{IPA|/ˈkɫ̪ʊxtʲə/}} ''harassment'' (gen.) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{IPA|/iː/}} before syllable-final '''ll, nn'''<br />before word-final '''m''' | | {{IPA|/iː/}} before syllable-final '''ll, nn'''<br />before word-final '''m''' | ||
| {{lang|ga|tuillteanach}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ˠiːlʲtʲən̪ˠəx/}} | | {{lang|ga|tuillteanach}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ˠiːlʲtʲən̪ˠəx/}} ''deserving'', {{lang|ga|puinn}} {{IPA|/pˠiːnʲ/}} ''much''<br />{{lang|ga|suim}} {{IPA|/sˠiːmʲ/}} ''interest'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{IPA|/uː/}} before '''rl, rn, rd''' | | {{IPA|/uː/}} before '''rl, rn, rd''' | ||
| {{lang|ga|duirling}} {{IPA|/ˈd̪ˠuːɾˠlʲənʲ/}} | | {{lang|ga|duirling}} {{IPA|/ˈd̪ˠuːɾˠlʲənʲ/}} ''stony beach'', {{lang|ga|tuirne}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ˠuːɾˠnʲə/}} ''spinning wheel'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| unstressed | | unstressed | ||
| {{IPA|/ə/}} | | {{IPA|/ə/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|aguisín}} {{IPA|/ˈagəʃiːnʲ/}} | | {{lang|ga|aguisín}} {{IPA|/ˈagəʃiːnʲ/}} ''addition'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=2 | '''úi''' | | colspan=2 | '''úi''' | ||
| {{IPA|/uː/}} | | {{IPA|/uː/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|súil}} {{IPA|/suːlʲ/}} | | {{lang|ga|súil}} {{IPA|/suːlʲ/}} ''eye'', {{lang|ga|cosúil}} {{IPA|/ˈkɔsˠuːlʲ/}} ''like, resembling'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=2 | '''uí''' | | colspan=2 | '''uí''' | ||
| {{IPA|/iː/}} | | {{IPA|/iː/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|buígh}} {{IPA|/bˠiːj/}} | | {{lang|ga|buígh}} {{IPA|/bˠiːj/}} ''turn yellow'' (imper.) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=2 | '''uío''' | | colspan=2 | '''uío''' | ||
| {{IPA|/iː/}} | | {{IPA|/iː/}} | ||
| {{lang|ga|buíon}} {{IPA|/bˠiːn̪ˠ/}} | | {{lang|ga|buíon}} {{IPA|/bˠiːn̪ˠ/}} ''band, troop'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 730: | Line 729: | ||
In a sequence of short vowel + {{IPA|/l, r, n/}} + [[labial consonant|labial]] or [[velar consonant]] an unwritten {{IPA|/ə/}} gets pronounced between the {{IPA|/l, r, n/}} and the following consonant: | In a sequence of short vowel + {{IPA|/l, r, n/}} + [[labial consonant|labial]] or [[velar consonant]] an unwritten {{IPA|/ə/}} gets pronounced between the {{IPA|/l, r, n/}} and the following consonant: | ||
*{{lang|ga|gorm}} {{IPA|/ˈgɔɾˠəmˠ/}} | *{{lang|ga|gorm}} {{IPA|/ˈgɔɾˠəmˠ/}} ''blue'' | ||
*{{lang|ga|dearg}} {{IPA|/ˈdʲaɾˠəg/}} | *{{lang|ga|dearg}} {{IPA|/ˈdʲaɾˠəg/}} ''red'' | ||
*{{lang|ga|dorcha}} {{IPA|/ˈd̪ˠɔɾˠəxə/}} | *{{lang|ga|dorcha}} {{IPA|/ˈd̪ˠɔɾˠəxə/}} ''dark'' | ||
*{{lang|ga|ainm}} {{IPA|/ˈanʲəmʲ/}} | *{{lang|ga|ainm}} {{IPA|/ˈanʲəmʲ/}} ''name'' | ||
*{{lang|ga|seanchaí}} {{IPA|/ˈʃan̪ˠəxiː/}} | *{{lang|ga|seanchaí}} {{IPA|/ˈʃan̪ˠəxiː/}} ''storyteller'' | ||
*{{lang|ga|leanbh}} {{IPA|/ˈlʲan̪ˠəw/}} | *{{lang|ga|leanbh}} {{IPA|/ˈlʲan̪ˠəw/}} ''child'' | ||
*{{lang|ga|colm}} {{IPA|/ˈkɔɫ̪əm/}} | *{{lang|ga|colm}} {{IPA|/ˈkɔɫ̪əm/}} ''dove'' | ||
There is no epenthesis before [[phonation|voiceless]] [[stop consonant|stops]] or after long [[vowel]]s and [[diphthong]]s: | There is no epenthesis before [[phonation|voiceless]] [[stop consonant|stops]] or after long [[vowel]]s and [[diphthong]]s: | ||
*{{lang|ga|corp}} {{IPA|/kɔɾˠpˠ/}} | *{{lang|ga|corp}} {{IPA|/kɔɾˠpˠ/}} ''body'' | ||
*{{lang|ga|olc}} {{IPA|/ɔɫ̪k/}} | *{{lang|ga|olc}} {{IPA|/ɔɫ̪k/}} ''bad'' | ||
*{{lang|ga|téarma}} {{IPA|/tʲeːɾˠmˠə/}} | *{{lang|ga|téarma}} {{IPA|/tʲeːɾˠmˠə/}} ''term'' | ||
*{{lang|ga|dualgas}} {{IPA|/ˈd̪ˠuəɫ̪gəsˠ/}} | *{{lang|ga|dualgas}} {{IPA|/ˈd̪ˠuəɫ̪gəsˠ/}} ''duty'' | ||
== Special pronunciations in verb forms == | == Special pronunciations in verb forms == | ||
| Line 749: | Line 748: | ||
In the [[imperfect]], [[conditional]], and [[imperative]], ''-dh'' is pronounced {{IPA|/tʲ/}} before a pronoun beginning with ''s-'': | In the [[imperfect]], [[conditional]], and [[imperative]], ''-dh'' is pronounced {{IPA|/tʲ/}} before a pronoun beginning with ''s-'': | ||
*{{lang|ga|mholadh sé}} {{IPA|/ˈwɔɫ̪ətʲ ʃeː/}} | *{{lang|ga|mholadh sé}} {{IPA|/ˈwɔɫ̪ətʲ ʃeː/}} ''he used to praise'' | ||
*{{lang|ga|bheannódh sibh}} {{IPA|/ˈvʲan̪ˠoːtʲ ʃɪvʲ/}} | *{{lang|ga|bheannódh sibh}} {{IPA|/ˈvʲan̪ˠoːtʲ ʃɪvʲ/}} ''you (pl.) would bless'' | ||
*{{lang|ga|osclaíodh sí}} {{IPA|/ˈɔsˠkɫ̪iːtʲ ʃiː/}} | *{{lang|ga|osclaíodh sí}} {{IPA|/ˈɔsˠkɫ̪iːtʲ ʃiː/}} ''let her open'' | ||
Otherwise it is pronounced {{IPA|/x/}}: | Otherwise it is pronounced {{IPA|/x/}}: | ||
*{{lang|ga|mholadh an buachaill}} {{IPA|/ˈwɔɫ̪əx ə ˈbˠuəxəlʲ/}} | *{{lang|ga|mholadh an buachaill}} {{IPA|/ˈwɔɫ̪əx ə ˈbˠuəxəlʲ/}} ''the boy used to praise'' | ||
*{{lang|ga|bheannódh na cailíní}} {{IPA|/ˈvʲanoːx n̪ˠə ˈkalʲiːnʲiː/}} | *{{lang|ga|bheannódh na cailíní}} {{IPA|/ˈvʲanoːx n̪ˠə ˈkalʲiːnʲiː/}} ''the girls would bless'' | ||
*{{lang|ga|osclaíodh Siobhán}} {{IPA|/ˈɔsˠkɫ̪iːx ˈʃʊwaːn̪ˠ/}} | *{{lang|ga|osclaíodh Siobhán}} {{IPA|/ˈɔsˠkɫ̪iːx ˈʃʊwaːn̪ˠ/}} ''let Siobhán open'' | ||
In the preterite impersonal, ''-dh'' is pronounced {{IPA|/w/}}: | In the preterite impersonal, ''-dh'' is pronounced {{IPA|/w/}}: | ||
*{{lang|ga|moladh é}} {{IPA|/ˈmˠɔɫ̪əw eː/}} | *{{lang|ga|moladh é}} {{IPA|/ˈmˠɔɫ̪əw eː/}} ''he was praised'' | ||
*{{lang|ga|beannaíodh na cailíní}} {{IPA|/ˈbʲan̪iːw nə ˈkalʲiːnʲiː/}} | *{{lang|ga|beannaíodh na cailíní}} {{IPA|/ˈbʲan̪iːw nə ˈkalʲiːnʲiː/}} ''the girls were blessed'' | ||
''-(a)idh'' and ''-(a)igh'' are pronounced {{IPA|/ə/}} before a pronoun, otherwise {{IPA|/iː/}}: | ''-(a)idh'' and ''-(a)igh'' are pronounced {{IPA|/ə/}} before a pronoun, otherwise {{IPA|/iː/}}: | ||
*{{lang|ga|molfaidh mé}} {{IPA|/ˈmˠɔɫ̪hə mʲeː/}} | *{{lang|ga|molfaidh mé}} {{IPA|/ˈmˠɔɫ̪hə mʲeː/}} ''I will praise'' | ||
*{{lang|ga|molfaidh Seán}} {{IPA|/ˈmˠɔɫ̪hiː ʃaːn/}} | *{{lang|ga|molfaidh Seán}} {{IPA|/ˈmˠɔɫ̪hiː ʃaːn/}} ''Seán will praise'' | ||
*{{lang|ga|bheannaigh mé}} {{IPA|/ˈvʲan̪ˠə mʲeː/}} | *{{lang|ga|bheannaigh mé}} {{IPA|/ˈvʲan̪ˠə mʲeː/}} ''I blessed'' | ||
*{{lang|ga|bheannaigh Seán}} {{IPA|/ˈvʲan̪ˠiː ʃaːn/}} | *{{lang|ga|bheannaigh Seán}} {{IPA|/ˈvʲan̪ˠiː ʃaːn/}} ''Seán blessed'' | ||
In the [[future tense|future]] and conditional, ''f'' (broad or slender) has the following effects: | In the [[future tense|future]] and conditional, ''f'' (broad or slender) has the following effects: | ||
#After vowels and sonorants ({{IPA|/ɫ̪ lʲ mˠ mʲ n̪ˠ nʲ ɾˠ ɾʲ/}}) it is pronounced {{IPA|/h/}}: | #After vowels and sonorants ({{IPA|/ɫ̪ lʲ mˠ mʲ n̪ˠ nʲ ɾˠ ɾʲ/}}) it is pronounced {{IPA|/h/}}: | ||
#*{{lang|ga|molfaidh}} {{IPA|/ˈmˠɔɫ̪hiː/}} | #*{{lang|ga|molfaidh}} {{IPA|/ˈmˠɔɫ̪hiː/}} ''will praise'' | ||
#*{{lang|ga|dhófadh}} {{IPA|/ˈɣoːhəx/}} | #*{{lang|ga|dhófadh}} {{IPA|/ˈɣoːhəx/}} ''would burn'' | ||
#*{{lang|ga|déarfaidh}} {{IPA|/ˈdʲeːɾˠhiː/}} | #*{{lang|ga|déarfaidh}} {{IPA|/ˈdʲeːɾˠhiː/}} ''will say'' | ||
#It makes a voiced obstruent ({{IPA|/bˠ bʲ vʲ d̪ˠ g/}}) or {{IPA|/w/}} voiceless: | #It makes a voiced obstruent ({{IPA|/bˠ bʲ vʲ d̪ˠ g/}}) or {{IPA|/w/}} voiceless: | ||
#*{{lang|ga|scuabfadh}} {{IPA|/ˈsˠkuəpəx/}} | #*{{lang|ga|scuabfadh}} {{IPA|/ˈsˠkuəpəx/}} ''would sweep'' | ||
#*{{lang|ga|goidfidh}} {{IPA|/ˈgɛtʲiː/}} | #*{{lang|ga|goidfidh}} {{IPA|/ˈgɛtʲiː/}} ''will steal'' | ||
#*{{lang|ga|leagfadh}} {{IPA|/ˈlʲakəx/}} | #*{{lang|ga|leagfadh}} {{IPA|/ˈlʲakəx/}} ''would lay'' | ||
#*{{lang|ga|scríobhfaidh}} {{IPA|/ˈʃcɾʲiːfˠiː/}} | #*{{lang|ga|scríobhfaidh}} {{IPA|/ˈʃcɾʲiːfˠiː/}} ''will write'' | ||
#*{{lang|ga|shnámhfadh}} {{IPA|/ˈhn̪ˠaːfˠəx/}} | #*{{lang|ga|shnámhfadh}} {{IPA|/ˈhn̪ˠaːfˠəx/}} ''would swim'' | ||
#It is silent after a voicless obstruent ({{IPA|/k c x ç pˠ pʲ sˠ ʃ t̪ˠ tʲ/}}) | #It is silent after a voicless obstruent ({{IPA|/k c x ç pˠ pʲ sˠ ʃ t̪ˠ tʲ/}}) | ||
#*{{lang|ga|brisfidh}} {{IPA|/ˈbʲɾʲɪʃiː/}} | #*{{lang|ga|brisfidh}} {{IPA|/ˈbʲɾʲɪʃiː/}} ''will break'' | ||
#*{{lang|ga|ghlacfadh}} {{IPA|/ˈɣɫ̪akəx/}} | #*{{lang|ga|ghlacfadh}} {{IPA|/ˈɣɫ̪akəx/}} ''would accept'' | ||
#But in the future and conditional impersonal ''f'' is often {{IPA|/fˠ, fʲ/}} | #But in the future and conditional impersonal ''f'' is often {{IPA|/fˠ, fʲ/}} | ||
#*{{lang|ga|molfar}} {{IPA|/ˈmˠɔɫ̪fˠəɾˠ/}} | #*{{lang|ga|molfar}} {{IPA|/ˈmˠɔɫ̪fˠəɾˠ/}} ''one will praise'' | ||
#*{{lang|ga|dhófaí}} {{IPA|/ˈɣoːfˠiː/}} | #*{{lang|ga|dhófaí}} {{IPA|/ˈɣoːfˠiː/}} ''one would burn'' | ||
#*{{lang|ga|scuabfar}} {{IPA|/ˈsˠkuəbˠfˠəɾˠ/}} | #*{{lang|ga|scuabfar}} {{IPA|/ˈsˠkuəbˠfˠəɾˠ/}} ''one will sweep'' | ||
#*{{lang|ga|brisfear}} {{IPA|/ˈbʲɾʲɪʃfʲəɾˠ/}} | #*{{lang|ga|brisfear}} {{IPA|/ˈbʲɾʲɪʃfʲəɾˠ/}} ''one will break'' | ||
#In the [[past participle]] ''th'' (also ''t'' after ''d'') is silent but makes a voiced obstruent voiceless: | #In the [[past participle]] ''th'' (also ''t'' after ''d'') is silent but makes a voiced obstruent voiceless: | ||
#*{{lang|ga|scuabtha}} {{IPA|/ˈsˠkuəpˠə/}} | #*{{lang|ga|scuabtha}} {{IPA|/ˈsˠkuəpˠə/}} ''swept'' | ||
#*{{lang|ga|troidte}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ˠɾˠɛtʲə/}} | #*{{lang|ga|troidte}} {{IPA|/ˈt̪ˠɾˠɛtʲə/}} ''fought'' | ||
#*{{lang|ga|ruaigthe}} {{IPA|/ˈɾˠuəcə/}} | #*{{lang|ga|ruaigthe}} {{IPA|/ˈɾˠuəcə/}} ''chased'' | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
*{{cite book|last=Ó Baoill|first=Dónall P.|title=Lárchanúint don Ghaeilge|year=1986|publisher=The Linguistics Institute of Ireland|location=Dublin|language=Irish|id=ISBN 0-946452-06-7}} | *{{cite book|last=Ó Baoill|first=Dónall P.|title=Lárchanúint don Ghaeilge|year=1986|publisher=The Linguistics Institute of Ireland|location=Dublin|language=Irish|id=ISBN 0-946452-06-7}} | ||
*{{cite book|last=Ó Siadhail|first=Mícheál|title=Learning Irish|year=1988|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven|id=ISBN 0-300-04224-8}} | *{{cite book|last=Ó Siadhail|first=Mícheál|title=Learning Irish|year=1988|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven|id=ISBN 0-300-04224-8}} | ||
Revision as of 22:16, 4 October 2007
Irish orthography has evolved over many centuries, since Old Irish was first written down in the Latin alphabet in about the sixth century AD. Prior to that, Primitive Irish was written in Ogham. Irish spelling is mainly based on etymological considerations, very much like English orthography, although a spelling reform in the mid-20th century simplified the relationship between spelling and pronunciation somewhat.
There are three dialects of spoken Irish: Ulster (now predominantly in County Donegal), Connacht (Counties Mayo and Galway), and Munster (Counties Kerry, Cork, and Waterford). Some spelling conventions are common to all the dialects, while others vary from dialect to dialect. In addition, individual words may have in any given dialect a pronunciation that is not reflected by the spelling (rather like the English word colonel, whose spelling denotes its pronunciation quite poorly).
The alphabet
A sample of Gaelic script.
Prior to the 20th century Irish was usually written using the uncial Gaelic script. The uncial alphabet, together with letter name pronunciations and lenited letters is shown below.
Use of the uncial script is today almost entirely restricted to decorative and/or self-consciously traditional contexts. The dot above the lenited letter is usually substituted with a following h in the standard Roman alphabet. The only other use of h Irish is for vowel-initial words after certain proclitics (e.g. go hÉireann to Ireland) and for words of foreign derivation such as hata hat.
The alphabet now used for writing the Irish language consists of the following letters, written in antiqua:
- a á b c d e é f g h i í l m n o ó p r s t u ú;
Modern loanwords also make use of j k q v w x y z. Of these, j and v are the most common. The letters' names are spelt out thus:
- á bé cé dé é eif gé héis í eil eim ein ó pé ear eas té ú
- along with jé cá cú vé wae eacs yé zae.
Tree names were once popularly used to name the letters. Tradition taught that they all derived from the names of the Ogham letters, though it is now known that only some of the earliest Ogham letters were named for trees.
- ailm (white fir), beith (birch), coll (hazel), dair (oak), edad/eabhadh (poplar), fern/fearn (alder), gath/gort (ivy), uath (hawthorn), idad/íodhadh (yew), luis (rowan), muin (vine), nin/nion (ash), onn (gorse), peith (dwarf alder), ruis (holander), sail (willow), tinne/teithne (holly), úr (heather)
Although the uncial script remained common until the mid-20th century, efforts to introduce antiqua began much earlier. Theobald Stapleton's 1639 catechism was printed in antiqua, and also introduced simplified spellings such as suí for suidhe and uafás for uathbhás, though these did not become standard for another 300 years.
Consonants
The consonant letters generally correspond to the consonant phonemes as shown in this table. See Irish phonology for an explanation of the symbols used and Irish initial mutations for an explanation of eclipsis. In most cases, consonants are broad (velarized) when the nearest vowel letter is one of a, o, u and slender (palatalized) when the nearest vowel letter is one of e, i.
| Letter(s) | Phoneme(s) | Examples | |
|---|---|---|---|
| b | broad | /bˠ/ | bain /bˠanʲ/ take (imper.), scuab /sˠkuəbˠ/ broom |
| slender | /bʲ/ | béal /bʲeːɫ̪/ mouth, cnáib /kn̪ˠaːbʲ/ hemp | |
| bh | broad | /w/ | bhain /wanʲ/ took, ábhar /ˈaːwəɾˠ/ material, Bhairbre /ˈwaɾʲəbʲɾʲə/ Barbara (genitive), tábhachtach /ˈt̪ˠaːwəxtəx/ important, dubhaigh /ˈd̪ˠʊwiː/ blacken (imper.), scríobh /ʃcrʲiːw/ wrote, taobh /t̪ˠiːw/ side, dubh /d̪ˠʊw/ black, gabh /gaw/ get (imper.) |
| slender | /vʲ/ | bhéal /vʲeːɫ̪/ mouth (lenited), cuibhreann /ˈkɪvʲɾʲən̪ˠ/ common table, aibhneacha /ˈavʲnʲəxə/ rivers, sibh /ʃɪvʲ/ you (pl.) | |
| See vowel chart for abh, eabh, obh | |||
| bhf (eclipsis of f-) |
broad | /w/ | bhfuinneog /ˈwɪnʲoːg/ window (eclipsed) |
| slender | /vʲ/ | bhfíon /vʲiːn̪ˠ/ wine (eclipsed) | |
| bp (eclipsis of p-) |
broad | /bˠ/ | bpoll /bˠoːɫ̪/ hole (eclipsed) |
| slender | /bʲ/ | bpríosún /ˈbʲɾʲiːsˠuːn̪ˠ/ prison (eclipsed) | |
| c | broad | /k/ | cáis /kaːʃ/ cheese, mac /mˠak/ son |
| slender | /c/ | ceist /cɛʃtʲ/ question, mic /mʲɪc/ sons | |
| ch | broad (Always broad before t.) |
/x/ | cháis /xaːʃ/ cheese (lenited), taoiseach /ˈt̪ˠiːʃəx/ chieftain (also the term for the Prime Minister of Ireland), boichte /bˠɔxtʲə/ poorer |
| slender | /ç/ /h/ between vowels |
cheist /çɛʃtʲ/ question (lenited), deich /dʲɛç/ ten oíche /ˈiːhə/ night | |
| d | broad | /d̪ˠ/ | dorn /d̪ˠoːɾˠn̪ˠ/ fist, nead /nʲad̪ˠ/ nest |
| slender | /dʲ/ | dearg /dʲaɾˠəg/ red, cuid /kɪdʲ/ part | |
| dh | broad | /ɣ/ word-initially Silent after a long vowel |
dhorn /ɣoːɾˠn̪ˠ/ fist (lenited) ádh /aː/ luck |
| slender | /j/ | dhearg /ˈjaɾˠəg/ red (lenited), fáidh /fˠaːj/ prophet | |
| See vowel chart for adh, aidh, eadh, eidh, idh, oidh, odh. See Special pronunciations in verb forms for -dh at the end of verbs. | |||
| dt (eclipsis of t-) |
broad | /d̪ˠ/ | dtaisce /ˈd̪ˠaʃcə/ treasure (eclipsed) |
| slender | /dʲ/ | dtír /dʲiːɾʲ/ country (eclipsed) | |
| f | broad | /fˠ/ | fós /fˠoːsˠ/ still, graf /gɾˠafˠ/ graph |
| slender | /fʲ/ | fíon /fʲiːn̪ˠ/ wine, stuif /sˠt̪ˠɪfʲ/ stuff | |
| See Special pronunciations in verb forms for -f- in future and conditional tenses | |||
| fh (lenition of f-) | silent | fhuinneog /ˈɪnʲoːg/ window (lenited), fhíon /iːn̪ˠ/ wine (lenited) | |
| g | broad | /g/ | gasúr /ˈgasˠuːɾˠ/ boy, bog /bˠɔg/ soft |
| slender | /ɟ/ | geata /ˈɟat̪ˠə/ gate, carraig /ˈkaɾˠəɟ/ rock | |
| gc (eclipsis of c-) |
broad | /g/ | gcáis /gaːʃ/ cheese (eclipsed) |
| slender | /ɟ/ | gceist /ɟɛʃtʲ/ question (eclipsed) | |
| gh | broad | /ɣ/ (word-initially) silent after a long vowel |
ghasúr /ˈɣasˠuːɾˠ/ boy (lenited) Eoghan /ˈoːən̪ˠ/ Owen |
| slender | /j/ | gheata /ˈjat̪ˠə/ gate (lenited), dóigh /d̪ˠoːj/ way, manner | |
| See vowel chart for agh, aigh, eigh, igh, ogh, oigh. See Special pronunciations in verb forms for -(a)igh at the end of verbs. | |||
| h | /h/ | hata /ˈhat̪ˠə/ hat, na héisc /nə heːʃc/ the fish (plural) | |
| l, ll | broad | /ɫ̪/ | luí /ɫ̪iː/ lying (down), poll /poːɫ̪/ hole |
| slender | /lʲ/ | leisciúil /ˈlʲɛʃcuːlʲ/ lazy, coill /kailʲ/ woods | |
| m | broad | /mˠ/ | mór /mˠoːɾˠ/ big, am /aːmˠ/ time |
| slender | /mʲ/ | milis /ˈmʲilʲəʃ/ sweet, im /iːmʲ/ butter | |
| mb (eclipsis of b-) |
broad | /mˠ/ | mbaineann /ˈmˠanʲən̪ˠ/ takes (eclipsed) |
| slender | /mʲ/ | mbéal /mʲeːɫ̪/ mouth (eclipsed) | |
| mh | (broad) | /w/ | mhór /woːɾˠ/ big (lenited), lámha /ˈɫ̪aːwə/ hands, léamh /lʲeːw/ reading |
| (slender) | /vʲ/ | mhilis /ˈvʲilʲəʃ/ sweet (lenited), uimhir /ˈɪvʲəɾʲ/ number, nimh /nʲɪvʲ/ poison | |
| See vowel chart for amh, eamh, omh | |||
| n, nn | broad | /n̪ˠ/ | naoi /n̪ˠiː/ nine, ceann /caːn̪ˠ/ head |
| slender | /nʲ/ | neart /nʲaɾˠt̪ˠ/ strength, tinneas /ˈtʲɪnʲəsˠ/ illness | |
| nc | broad | /ŋk/ | ancaire /ˈaŋkəɾʲə/ anchor |
| slender | /ɲc/ | rinc /ɾˠɪɲc/ dance | |
| nd (eclipsis of d-) |
broad | /n̪ˠ/ | ndorn /n̪ˠoːɾˠn̪ˠ/ fist (eclipsed) |
| slender | /nʲ/ | ndearg /ˈnʲaɾˠəg/ red (eclipsed) | |
| ng | broad | /ŋ/ word-initially (eclipsis of g-) /ŋg/ word-internally and finally |
ngasúr /ˈŋasˠuːɾˠ/ boy (eclipsed) long /ɫ̪uːŋg/ ship, teanga /ˈtʲaŋgə/ tongue |
| slender | /ɲ/ word-initially (eclipsis of g-) /ɲɟ/ word-internally and finally |
ngeata /ˈɲat̪ˠə/ gate (eclipsed) cuing /kɪɲɟ/ yoke, ingear /ˈɪɲɟəɾˠ/ vertical | |
| /nʲ/ in final unstressed -ing | scilling /ˈʃcilʲənʲ/ shilling | ||
| p | broad | /pˠ/ | poll /pˠoːɫ̪/ hole, stop /sˠt̪ˠɔpˠ/ stop |
| slender | /pʲ/ | príosún /ˈpʲɾʲiːsˠuːn̪ˠ/ prison, truip /t̪ˠɾˠɪpʲ/ trip | |
| ph | broad | /fˠ/ | pholl /fˠoːɫ̪ʲ/ hole (lenited) |
| slender | /fʲ/ | phríosún /ˈfʲɾʲiːsˠuːn̪ˠ/ prison (lenited) | |
| r | broad (Always broad word-initially. Always broad in rt, rth, rd, rn, rl, rs, sr.) |
/ɾˠ/ | rí /ɾˠiː/ king, cuairt /kuəɾˠtʲ/ visit, oirthear /ˈɔɾˠhəɾˠ/ east, airde /aːɾˠdʲə/ height, coirnéal /ˈkoːɾˠnʲeːɫ̪/ corner, duirling /ˈd̪ˠuːɾˠlʲənʲ/ stony beach, sreang /sˠɾˠaŋg/ string |
| slender | /rʲ/ | tirim /ˈtʲɪɾʲəmʲ/ dry | |
| rr | /ɾˠ/ | barr /baːɾˠ/ tip, point, cairr /kaːɾˠ/ car (genitive) | |
| s | broad | /sˠ/ (Always broad word-initially before m, p, r.) |
Sasana /ˈsˠasˠən̪ˠə/ England, tús /t̪ˠuːsˠ/ beginning, speal /sˠpʲaɫ̪/ scythe, sméar /sˠmʲeːɾˠ/ blackberry, sreang /sˠɾˠaŋg/ string |
| slender | /ʃ/ | sean /ʃan̪ˠ/ old, cáis /kaːʃ/ cheese | |
| sh | broad | /h/ | Shasana /ˈhasˠən̪ˠə/ England (lenited) |
| slender | /h/ /ç/ before /aː, oː, u(ː)/ |
shean /han̪ˠ/ old (lenited) Sheáin /çaːnʲ/ John (genitive), sheol /çoːɫ̪/ sailed, shiúil /çuːlʲ/ walked, shiopa /ˈçʊpˠə/ shop (lenited) | |
| t | broad | /t̪ˠ/ | taisce /ˈt̪ˠaʃcə/ treasure, ceart /caɾˠt̪ˠ/ correct |
| slender | /tʲ/ | tír /tʲiːɾʲ/ country, beirt /bʲɛɾˠtʲ/ two (people) | |
| See Special pronunciations in verb forms for -t- in verbal adjectives | |||
| th | broad | /h/ | thaisce /ˈhaʃcə/ treasure (lenited), athair /ˈahəɾʲ/ father |
| slender | /h/ /ç/ when lenited from /tʲaː-, tʲoː-, tʲu(ː)-/ |
theanga /ˈhaŋgə/ tongue (lenited) theann /çaːn̪ˠ/ tight (lenited), theocht /çoːxt̪ˠ/ heat (lenited), thiúilip /ˈçuːlʲəpʲ/ tulip (lenited), thiocfadh /ˈçʊkəx/ would come, thiubh /çʊw/ thick (lenited) | |
| Silent at the end of a syllable | bláth /bˠɫ̪aː/ blossom, cith /cɪ/ shower, cothrom /ˈkɔɾˠəmˠ/ equal | ||
| See Special pronunciations in verb forms for -th- in verbal adjectives | |||
| ts (special lenition of s- after an 'the') |
broad | /t̪ˠ/ | an tsolais /ən̪ˠ ˈt̪ˠɔɫ̪əʃ/ of the light |
| slender | /tʲ/ | an tSín /ənʲ tʲiːnʲ/ China | |
| v | broad | /w/ | vóta /ˈwoːt̪ˠə/ vote |
| slender | /vʲ/ | veidhlín /ˈvʲailʲiːnʲ/ violin | |
Vowels
The following chart indicates how written vowels are generally pronounced. Each dialect has certain divergences from this general scheme.
| Letter(s) | Phoneme | Examples | |
|---|---|---|---|
| a | stressed | /a/ | fan /fˠan̪ˠ/ stay (imper.) |
| /aː/ before rl, rn, rd before syllable-final ll, nn, rr before word-final m |
tarlú /ˈt̪ˠaːɾˠɫ̪uː/ happening, carnán /ˈkaːɾˠn̪ˠaːn̪ˠ/ (small) heap, garda /ˈgaːɾˠd̪ˠə/ policeman mall /mˠaːɫ̪/ slow, late, ann /aːn̪ˠ/ there, barr /bˠaːɾˠ/ tip, point am /aːmˠ/ time | ||
| unstressed | /ə/ | ólann /ˈoːɫ̪ən̪ˠ/ drink (present), mála /ˈmˠaːɫ̪ə/ bag | |
| á | /aː/ | bán /bˠaːn̪ˠ/ white | |
| abh(a(i)) | stressed | /au/ | abhainn /aunʲ/ river, cabhrach /ˈkauɾˠəx/ helpful |
| adh(a(i)) | stressed | /ai/ | adhairt /aiɾˠtʲ/ pillow, Tadhg /t̪ˠaig/ (man's name) |
| adh | unstressed | /ə/ | margadh /ˈmˠaɾˠəgə/ market |
| See also Special pronunciations in verb forms | |||
| ae(i) | /eː/ | Gaelach /ˈgeːɫ̪əx/ Gaelic, Gaeilge /ˈgeːlʲɟə/ Irish (language) | |
| agh(a(i)) | /ai/ | aghaidh /aij/ face, saghsanna /ˈsˠaisˠən̪ˠə/ sorts, kinds | |
| ai | stressed | /a/ | baile /ˈbˠalʲə/ home |
| /aː/ before rl, rn, rd before syllable-final ll, nn, rr |
airne /aːɾˠnʲə/ sloe caillte /ˈkaːlʲtʲə/ lost, ruined, crainn /kɾˠaːnʲ/ trees | ||
| /ɛ/ before bh in a handful of words | raibh /ɾˠɛvʲ/ was (dependent), daibhir /ˈd̪ˠɛvəɾʲ/ poor, saibhir /ˈsˠɛvʲərʲ/ rich | ||
| unstressed | /ə/ | eolais /ˈoːɫ̪əʃ/ knowledge (genitive) | |
| ái | /aː/ | dáil /d̪ˠaːlʲ/ assembly, gabháil /ˈgawaːlʲ/ taking | |
| aí | /iː/ | maígh /mˠiːj/ claim (imper.), gutaí /ˈgʊt̪ˠiː/ vowels | |
| aidh, aigh | stressed | /ai/ | aidhm /aimʲ/ aim, saighdiúir /ˈsˠaidʲuːrʲ/ soldier |
| unstressed | /iː/ | cleachtaidh /ˈclʲaxt̪ˠiː/ practice (genitive), bacaigh /ˈbˠakiː/ beggar (genitive) | |
| See also Special pronunciations in verb forms | |||
| aío | /iː/ | naíonán /ˈn̪ˠiːn̪ˠaːn̪ˠ/ infant, beannaíonn /ˈbʲan̪ˠiːn̪ˠ/ blesses | |
| amh(a(i)) | /au/ | Samhain /sˠaunʲ/ November, amhantar /ˈaun̪ˠt̪ˠəɾˠ/ venture, ramhraigh /ˈɾˠauɾˠiː/ fattened | |
| ao | /iː/ | saol /sˠiːɫ̪/ life, world | |
| /eː/ in the word aon /eːn̪ˠ/ one and its derivatives, e.g. aontacht /ˈeːn̪ˠt̪ˠəxt̪ˠ/ union, na Stáit Aontaithe /n̪ˠə sˠt̪ˠaːtʲ ˈeːn̪ˠt̪ˠəhə/ the United States | |||
| aoi | /iː/ | gaois /giːʃ/ shrewdness | |
| e | stressed | /ɛ/ | te /tʲɛ/ hot |
| unstressed | /ə/ | míle /ˈmʲiːlʲə/ thousand | |
| é | /eː/ | sé /ʃeː/ he | |
| ea | stressed | /a/ | bean /bʲan̪ˠ/ woman |
| /aː/ before rl, rn, rd before syllable-final ll, nn, rr |
bearna /ˈbʲaːɾˠn̪ˠə/ gap feall /fʲaːɫ̪/ treachery, feanntach /ˈfʲaːn̪ˠt̪ˠəx/ severe | ||
| /ɔ/ in the word beag /bʲɔg/ small | |||
| unstressed | /ə/ | seisean /ˈʃɛʃən̪ˠ/ he (emph.) | |
| éa | /eː/ | déanamh /ˈdʲeːn̪ˠəw/ doing, buidéal /ˈbˠɪdʲeːɫ̪/ bottle | |
| eá | /aː/ | Seán /ʃaːn̪ˠ/ John caisleán /ˈkaʃlʲaːn̪ˠ/ castle | |
| eabh(a(i)) | /au/ | leabhair /lʲauɾʲ/ books Feabhra /ˈfʲauɾˠə/ February | |
| eadh(a(i) | stressed | /ai/ | meadhg /mʲaig/ whey |
| -eadh | unstressed | /ə/ | briseadh /ˈbʲɾʲɪʃə/ breaking |
| See also Special pronunciations in verb forms | |||
| eai | /a/ | veain /vʲanʲ/ van | |
| eái | /aː/ | meáin /mʲaːnʲ/ middles, caisleáin /ˈkaʃlʲaːnʲ/ castles | |
| eamh(a(i)) | /au/ | sleamhain /ʃlʲaunʲ/ smooth, leamhnacht /ˈlʲaun̪ˠəxt̪ˠ/ new milk | |
| ei | /ɛ/ | ceist /cɛʃtʲ/ question | |
| /ɪ/ before m, mh, n | creimeadh /ˈcɾʲɪmʲə/ corrosion, erosion, geimhreadh /ˈɟɪvʲrʲə/ winter, seinm /ˈʃɪnʲəmʲ/ playing | ||
| /eː/ before rl, rn, rd | eirleach /ˈeːɾˠlʲəx/ destruction, ceirnín /ˈceːɾˠnʲiːnʲ/ record album, ceird /ceːɾˠdʲ/ trade, craft | ||
| /ai/ before syllable-final ll | feill- /fʲailʲ/ exceedingly | ||
| /iː/ before syllable-final nn and word-final m | greim /ɟɾʲiːmʲ/ grip | ||
| éi | /eː/ | scéimh /ʃceːvʲ/ beauty, páipéir /ˈpˠaːpʲeːɾʲ/ papers | |
| eidh(i/ea), eigh(i/ea) | /ai/ | feidhm /fʲaimʲ/ function, leigheas /lʲaisˠ/ healing | |
| eo | /oː/ | ceol /coːɫ̪/ music, baileofar /ˈbˠalʲoːfˠəɾˠ/ one will gather | |
| /ɔ/ in the words anseo /ənʲˈʃɔ/ here, deoch /dʲɔx/ a drink, eochair /ˈɔxəɾʲ/ a key, and seo /ʃɔ/ this | |||
| eoi | /oː/ | dreoilín /ˈdʲɾʲoːlʲiːnʲ/ wren, baileoimid /ˈbˠalʲoːmʲədʲ/ we will gather | |
| i | stressed | /ɪ/ | pic /pʲɪc/ pitch, ifreann /ˈɪfʲɾʲən/ hell |
| /iː/ before syllable-final ll, nn before word-final m |
cill /ciːlʲ/ church, cinnte /ˈciːnʲtʲə/ sure im /iːmʲ/ butter | ||
| unstressed | /ə/ | faoistin /ˈfˠiːʃtʲənʲ/ confession | |
| í | /iː/ | gnímh /ɟnʲiːvʲ/ act, deed (gen.), cailín /ˈkalʲiːnʲ/ 'girl' | |
| ia | /iə/ | Diarmaid /dʲiərmədʲ/ Dermot | |
| iai | /iə/ | bliain /bʲlʲiənʲ/ year | |
| idh, igh | unstressed | /iː/ | tuillidh /ˈt̪ˠɪlʲiː/ addition (gen.), coiligh /ˈkɛlʲiː/ rooster (gen.) |
| See also Special pronunciations in verb forms | |||
| io | /ɪ/ before coronals and th | fios /fʲɪsˠ/ knowledge, bior /bʲɪɾˠ/ spit, spike, cion /cɪn̪ˠ/ affection, giota /ˈɟɪt̪ˠə/ bit, piece, giodam /ˈɟɪd̪ˠəmˠ/ restlessness, friotháil /ˈfʲɾʲɪhaːlʲ/ attention | |
| /ʊ/ before noncoronals | siopa /ˈʃʊpˠə/ shop, liom /lʲʊmˠ/ with me, tiocfaidh /ˈtʲʊkiː/ will come, Siobhán /ˈʃʊwaːn̪ˠ/ Joan, briogáid /ˈbʲɾʲʊgaːdʲ/ brigade, tiomáin /ˈtʲʊmaːnʲ/ drive (imper.), ionga /ˈʊŋgə/ (finger)nail | ||
| /iː/ before syllable-final nn | fionn /fʲiːn̪ˠ/ light-haired | ||
| ío | /iː/ | síol /ʃiːɫ̪/ seed | |
| iu | /ʊ/ | fliuch /fʲlʲʊx/ wet | |
| iú | /uː/ | siúl /ʃuːɫ̪/ walk, bailiú /ˈbˠalʲuː/ gathering | |
| iúi | /uː/ | ciúin /cuːnʲ/ quiet, inniúil /ˈɪnʲuːlʲ/ able, fit | |
| o | stressed | /ɔ/ | post /pˠɔsˠt̪ˠ/ post |
| /ʊ/ before n, m | Donncha /ˈd̪ˠʊn̪əxə/ (man's name), cromóg /ˈkɾˠʊmˠoːg/ hooked nose | ||
| /oː/ before rl, rn, rd before syllable-final ll, rr |
bord /bˠoːɾˠd̪ˠ/ table, orlach /ˈoːɾˠɫ̪əx/ inch poll /pˠoːɫ̪/ hole, corr /koːɾˠ/ odd | ||
| /uː/ before syllable-final nn before word-final m, ng |
fonn /fˠuːn̪ˠ/ desire, inclination trom /t̪ˠɾˠuːmˠ/ heavy, long /ɫ̪uːŋg/ ship | ||
| unstressed | /ə/ | mo /mˠə/ my, cothrom /ˈkɔɾˠəmˠ/ equal | |
| ó | /oː/ | póg /pˠoːg/ kiss, armónach /ˈaɾˠəmˠoːn̪əx/ harmonic | |
| obh(a(i)), odh(a(i)), ogh(a(i)) | /au/ | lobhar /ɫ̪auɾˠ/ leper, bodhar /bˠauɾˠ/ deaf, rogha /ɾˠau/ choice | |
| oi | stressed | /ɛ/ | scoil /sˠkɛlʲ/ school, troid /t̪ˠɾˠɛdʲ/ fight (imper.), toitín /ˈt̪ˠɛtʲiːnʲ/ cigarette, oibre /ˈɛbʲɾʲə/ work (gen.), thoir /hɛɾʲ/ in the east, cloiche /ˈkɫ̪ɛhə/ stone (gen.) |
| /ɔ/ before s, cht, rs, rt, rth | cois /kɔʃ/ foot (dat.), cloisfidh /ˈkɫ̪ɔʃiː/ will hear, boicht /bˠɔxtʲ/ poor (gen. sg. masc.), doirse /ˈd̪ɔɾˠʃə/ doors, goirt /gɔɾˠtʲ/ salty, oirthear /ˈɔɾˠhəɾˠ/ east | ||
| /ɪ/ next to n, m, mh | anois /əˈn̪ˠɪʃ/ now, gloine /ˈgɫ̪ɪnʲə/ glass, cnoic /kn̪ˠɪc/ hills, roimh /ɾˠɪvʲ/ before, coimeád /ˈkɪmʲaːd̪ˠ/ keep (imper.), loinge /ˈɫ̪ɪɲɟə/ ship (gen.) | ||
| /ai/ before syllable-final ll | coill /kailʲ/ forest, woods, coillte /ˈkailʲtʲə/ forests | ||
| /iː/ before syllable-final nn and word-final m | foinn /fˠiːnʲ/ wish (gen.), droim /d̪ˠɾˠiːmʲ/ back | ||
| /oː/ before rl, rn, rd | coirnéal /ˈkoːɾˠnʲeːɫ̪/ corner, oird /oːɾˠdʲ/ sledgehammers | ||
| unstressed | /ə/ | éadroime /eːdrəmʲə/ 'lightness' | |
| ói | /oː/ | móin /mˠoːnʲ/ sod, turf, bádóir /ˈbˠaːd̪ˠoːrʲ/ boatman | |
| oí | /iː/ | croíleacán /ˈkɾˠiːlʲəkaːn̪ˠ/ core | |
| oidh(i/ea), oigh(i/ea) | /ai/ | oidhre /airʲə/ heir, loighic /ɫ̪aic/ logic | |
| oío | /iː/ | croíonna /ˈkɾˠiːn̪ˠə/ hearts | |
| omh(a(i)) | /oː/ | tomhail /t̪ˠoːlʲ/ consume (imper.), Domhnach /ˈd̪ˠoːn̪ˠəx/ Sunday | |
| u | stressed | /ʊ/ | dubh /d̪ˠʊw/ black |
| /ɔ/ in English loanwords, corresponds to /ʌ/ | bus /bˠɔsˠ/, club /kɫ̪ɔbˠ/ | ||
| /uː/ before rl, rn, rd | burla /ˈbˠuːɾˠɫ̪ə/ bundle, murnán /ˈmˠuːɾˠn̪ˠaːn̪ˠ/ ankle, urlár /ˈuːɾˠɫ̪aːɾˠ/ floor | ||
| unstressed | /ə/ | agus /ˈagəs/ and | |
| ú | /uː/ | tús /t̪ˠuːsˠ/ beginning | |
| ua | /uə/ | fuar /fˠuəɾˠ/ cold | |
| uai | /uə/ | fuair /fˠuəɾʲ/ got | |
| ui | stressed | /ɪ/ | duine /ˈd̪ˠɪnʲə/ person |
| /ʊ/ before cht, rs, rt | tuirseach /ˈt̪ˠʊɾˠʃəx/ tired, cluichte /ˈkɫ̪ʊxtʲə/ harassment (gen.) | ||
| /iː/ before syllable-final ll, nn before word-final m |
tuillteanach /ˈt̪ˠiːlʲtʲən̪ˠəx/ deserving, puinn /pˠiːnʲ/ much suim /sˠiːmʲ/ interest | ||
| /uː/ before rl, rn, rd | duirling /ˈd̪ˠuːɾˠlʲənʲ/ stony beach, tuirne /ˈt̪ˠuːɾˠnʲə/ spinning wheel | ||
| unstressed | /ə/ | aguisín /ˈagəʃiːnʲ/ addition | |
| úi | /uː/ | súil /suːlʲ/ eye, cosúil /ˈkɔsˠuːlʲ/ like, resembling | |
| uí | /iː/ | buígh /bˠiːj/ turn yellow (imper.) | |
| uío | /iː/ | buíon /bˠiːn̪ˠ/ band, troop | |
- Observations
- When e, é, i, or í come after or before a consonant, they make the consonant slender.
- Between a consonant and a vowel, or vice-versa, e and i are usually silent, and just indicate that the adjacent consonants are slender. However, they may be pronounced in the digraphs ei, ia, io, oi, ui.
- The accented letters é and í are always pronounced.
- In digraphs and trigraphs containing a vowel with an acute accent (known in Irish as a fada or síneadh fada), only the accented vowel is normally pronounced.
The epenthetic vowel
In a sequence of short vowel + /l, r, n/ + labial or velar consonant an unwritten /ə/ gets pronounced between the /l, r, n/ and the following consonant:
- gorm /ˈgɔɾˠəmˠ/ blue
- dearg /ˈdʲaɾˠəg/ red
- dorcha /ˈd̪ˠɔɾˠəxə/ dark
- ainm /ˈanʲəmʲ/ name
- seanchaí /ˈʃan̪ˠəxiː/ storyteller
- leanbh /ˈlʲan̪ˠəw/ child
- colm /ˈkɔɫ̪əm/ dove
There is no epenthesis before voiceless stops or after long vowels and diphthongs:
- corp /kɔɾˠpˠ/ body
- olc /ɔɫ̪k/ bad
- téarma /tʲeːɾˠmˠə/ term
- dualgas /ˈd̪ˠuəɫ̪gəsˠ/ duty
Special pronunciations in verb forms
In verb forms some letters and letter combinations are pronounced differently from elsewhere.
In the imperfect, conditional, and imperative, -dh is pronounced /tʲ/ before a pronoun beginning with s-:
- mholadh sé /ˈwɔɫ̪ətʲ ʃeː/ he used to praise
- bheannódh sibh /ˈvʲan̪ˠoːtʲ ʃɪvʲ/ you (pl.) would bless
- osclaíodh sí /ˈɔsˠkɫ̪iːtʲ ʃiː/ let her open
Otherwise it is pronounced /x/:
- mholadh an buachaill /ˈwɔɫ̪əx ə ˈbˠuəxəlʲ/ the boy used to praise
- bheannódh na cailíní /ˈvʲanoːx n̪ˠə ˈkalʲiːnʲiː/ the girls would bless
- osclaíodh Siobhán /ˈɔsˠkɫ̪iːx ˈʃʊwaːn̪ˠ/ let Siobhán open
In the preterite impersonal, -dh is pronounced /w/:
- moladh é /ˈmˠɔɫ̪əw eː/ he was praised
- beannaíodh na cailíní /ˈbʲan̪iːw nə ˈkalʲiːnʲiː/ the girls were blessed
-(a)idh and -(a)igh are pronounced /ə/ before a pronoun, otherwise /iː/:
- molfaidh mé /ˈmˠɔɫ̪hə mʲeː/ I will praise
- molfaidh Seán /ˈmˠɔɫ̪hiː ʃaːn/ Seán will praise
- bheannaigh mé /ˈvʲan̪ˠə mʲeː/ I blessed
- bheannaigh Seán /ˈvʲan̪ˠiː ʃaːn/ Seán blessed
In the future and conditional, f (broad or slender) has the following effects:
- After vowels and sonorants (/ɫ̪ lʲ mˠ mʲ n̪ˠ nʲ ɾˠ ɾʲ/) it is pronounced /h/:
- molfaidh /ˈmˠɔɫ̪hiː/ will praise
- dhófadh /ˈɣoːhəx/ would burn
- déarfaidh /ˈdʲeːɾˠhiː/ will say
- It makes a voiced obstruent (/bˠ bʲ vʲ d̪ˠ g/) or /w/ voiceless:
- scuabfadh /ˈsˠkuəpəx/ would sweep
- goidfidh /ˈgɛtʲiː/ will steal
- leagfadh /ˈlʲakəx/ would lay
- scríobhfaidh /ˈʃcɾʲiːfˠiː/ will write
- shnámhfadh /ˈhn̪ˠaːfˠəx/ would swim
- It is silent after a voicless obstruent (/k c x ç pˠ pʲ sˠ ʃ t̪ˠ tʲ/)
- brisfidh /ˈbʲɾʲɪʃiː/ will break
- ghlacfadh /ˈɣɫ̪akəx/ would accept
- But in the future and conditional impersonal f is often /fˠ, fʲ/
- molfar /ˈmˠɔɫ̪fˠəɾˠ/ one will praise
- dhófaí /ˈɣoːfˠiː/ one would burn
- scuabfar /ˈsˠkuəbˠfˠəɾˠ/ one will sweep
- brisfear /ˈbʲɾʲɪʃfʲəɾˠ/ one will break
- In the past participle th (also t after d) is silent but makes a voiced obstruent voiceless:
- scuabtha /ˈsˠkuəpˠə/ swept
- troidte /ˈt̪ˠɾˠɛtʲə/ fought
- ruaigthe /ˈɾˠuəcə/ chased
References
- Ó Baoill, Dónall P. (1986). Lárchanúint don Ghaeilge (in Irish). Dublin: The Linguistics Institute of Ireland. ISBN 0-946452-06-7.
- Ó Siadhail, Mícheál (1988). Learning Irish. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-04224-8.