Europe/Addendum: Difference between revisions

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imported>Nick Gardner
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imported>Domergue Sumien
(languages of Europe, provisory)
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Note that Europe includes the following, ''[[de facto]]'', independent territories, with no or very little international recognition: [[Abkhazia]] (edge of Europe), [[Nagorno-Karabakh]] (edge of Europe), [[Northern Cyprus]] (edge of Europe), [[South Ossetia]] (edge of Europe) and [[Transnistria]].
Note that Europe includes the following, ''[[de facto]]'', independent territories, with no or very little international recognition: [[Abkhazia]] (edge of Europe), [[Nagorno-Karabakh]] (edge of Europe), [[Northern Cyprus]] (edge of Europe), [[South Ossetia]] (edge of Europe) and [[Transnistria]].
==The languages of Europe==
The following list presents the current, autochtonous languages of Europe, classified by language families. Various, recently claimed languages that are not widely—or not yet—recognised by the linguist community are not enlisted here. Each table matches with a lower range language family. In each table, languages are presented with a geographic order, mainly from west to east and from north to south.
===[[Basque language]]===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!language
!approximate<br>location
!official<br>status<br>in:<br>(R = only<br>regional,<br>official<br>status)
!vitality
|-
|Basque
|Spain, France
|Spain (R)
|•
|-
|}
===[[Indo-European languages]]===
==== [[Romance languages]]====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!language
!approximate<br>location
!official<br>status<br>in:<br>(R = only<br>regional,<br>official<br>status)
!vitality
|-
|Galician-Portuguese
|Portugal, Spain
|Portugal, Spain (R)
|(endangered in Spain)
|-
|Asturian-Leonese
|Spain, Portugal
|Portugal (R)
|endangered
|-
|Spanish
|Spain
|Spain
|
|-
|Aragonese
|Spain
|
|endangered
|-
|Catalan
|Spain, France, Andorra, Italy
|Andorra, Spain (R)
|endangered
|-
|Occitan
|France, Italy, Spain, Monaco
|Spain (R)
|endangered
|-
|Francoprovençal
|France, Switzerland, Italy
|
|endangered
|-
|French
|France, Belgium, Switzerland, Channel Islands
|France, Belgium, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Monaco
|(endangered in the Channel Islands)
|-
|Romansh
|Switzerland
|Switzerland
|endangered
|-
|Ladin
|Italy
|
|endangered
|-
|Friulian
|Italy
|
|endangered
|-
|Northern Italian
|Italy, Switzerland, Monaco, San Marino, Slovenia, Croatia
|
|endangered
|-
|Italian
|Italy
|Italy, Switzerland, San Marino
|
|-
|Corsican
|France, Italy
|
|endangered
|-
|Sardinian
|Italy
|
|endangered
|-
|Romanian
|Romania, Moldova, Balkans
|Romania, Moldova
|
|-
|}
==== [[Germanic languages]]====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!language
!approximate<br>location
!official<br>status<br>in:<br>(R = only<br>regional,<br>official<br>status)
!vitality
|-
|Icelandic
|Iceland
|Iceland
|
|-
|Faroese
|Faroe Islands
|Faroe Islands (R)
|
|-
|Norwegian
|Norway
|Norway
|
|-
|Swedish
|Sweden, Finland
|Sweden, Finland
|
|-
|Danish
|Denmark, Sweden
|Denmark
|
|-
|English
|United Kingdom
|United Kingdom, Ireland
|
|-
|Frisian
|Netherlands, Germany
|
|endangered
|-
|Dutch
|Netherlands, Belgium, France, Germany
|Netherlands, Belgium
|
|-
|Low German
|Germany, Netherlands
|
|endangered
|-
|German
|Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein, Italy, France
|Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein, Italy (R)
|(endangered in France)
|-
|Yiddish
|scattered across Central Europe
|
|endangered
|-
|}
==== [[Slavic languages]]====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!language
!approximate<br>location
!official<br>status<br>in:<br>(R = only<br>regional,<br>official<br>status)
!vitality
|-
|Sorbian
|Germany
|Germany (R)
|endangered
|-
|Kashubian
|Poland
|
|endangered
|-
|Polish
|Poland
|Poland
|
|-
|Czech
|Czechia
|Czechia
|
|-
|Slovakian
|Slovakia
|Slovakia
|
|-
|Belarussian
|Belarus, Russia
|Belarus
|endangered
|-
|Ukrainian
|Ukraine, Poland, Slovakia
|Ukraine
|
|-
|Russian
|Russia
|Russia, Belarus, Moldova (R)
|
|-
|Slovenian
|Slovenia, Italy, Austria
|Slovenia
|(endangered in Italy and Austria)
|-
|Croatian<br>(Serbo-Croatian<br>diasystem)
|Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina
|Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina
|
|-
|Bosnian<br>(Serbo-Croatian<br>diasystem)
|Bosnia and Herzegovina
|Bosnia and Herzegovina
|
|-
|Serbian<br>(Serbo-Croatian<br>diasystem)
|Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Croatia
|Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo
|
|-
|Macedonian
|Republic of Macedonia, Greece
|Republic of Macedonia
|(endangered in Greece)
|-
|Bulgarian
|Bulgaria, Greece
|Bulgaria
|(endangered in Greece)
|-
|}
==== [[Baltic languages]]====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!language
!approximate<br>location
!official<br>status<br>in:<br>(R = only<br>regional,<br>official<br>status)
!vitality
|-
|Latvian
|Latvia
|Latvia
|
|-
|Lithuanian
|Lithuania
|Lithuania
|
|-
|}
==== [[Celtic languages]]====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!language
!approximate<br>location
!official<br>status<br>in:<br>(R = only<br>regional,<br>official<br>status)
!vitality
|-
|Irish
|Ireland, United Kingdom
|Ireland
|endangered
|-
|Scottish Gaelic
|United Kingdom
|United Kingdom (R)
|endangered
|-
|Manx
|Isle of Man
|
|endangered
|-
|Welsh
|United Kingdom
|United Kingdom (R)
|endangered
|-
|Cornish
|United Kingdom
|
|endangered
|-
|Breton
|France
|
|endangered
|-
|}
====[[Indo-Iralian languages]]
* [[Iranian languages]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!language
!approximate<br>location
!official<br>status<br>in:<br>(R = only<br>regional,<br>official<br>status)
!vitality
|-
|Ossetic
|Russia, South Ossetia
|South Ossetia
|endangered
|-
|}
* [[Indo-Aryan languages]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!language
!approximate<br>location
!official<br>status<br>in:<br>(R = only<br>regional,<br>official<br>status)
!vitality
|-
|Romany
|scattered across Europe
|
|endangered
|-
|}
====[[Greek language|Greek]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!language
!approximate<br>location
!official<br>status<br>in:<br>(R = only<br>regional,<br>official<br>status)
!vitality
|-
|Greek
|Greece, Cyprus, Albania
|Greece, Albania
|(endangered in Albania)
|-
|}
====[[Albanian language|Albanian]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!language
!approximate<br>location
!official<br>status<br>in:<br>(R = only<br>regional,<br>official<br>status)
!vitality
|-
|Albanian
|Albania, Kosovo, Republic of Macedonia, Greece
|Albania, Kosovo
|(endangered in Greece)
|-
|}
====[[Armenian language|Armenian]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!language
!approximate<br>location
!official<br>status<br>in:<br>(R = only<br>regional,<br>official<br>status)
!vitality
|-
|Armenian
|Armenia, Nagorno-Karabakh, Turkey
|Armenia, Nagorno-Karabakh
|(endangered in Turkey)
|-
|}
===[[Afro-Asiatic languages]]===
====[[Semitic languages]]====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!language
!approximate<br>location
!official<br>status<br>in:<br>(R = only<br>regional,<br>official<br>status)
!vitality
|-
|Maltese
|Malta
|Malta
|
|-
|}
===[[Uralic languages]]===
====[[Finno-Ugric languages]]====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!language
!approximate<br>location
!official<br>status<br>in:<br>(R = only<br>regional,<br>official<br>status)
!vitality
|-
|Sami (Lappish)
|Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia
|
|endangered
|-
|Finnish (including Karelian)
|Finland, Russia, Sweden
|Finland
|(endangered in Russia and Sweden)
|-
|Estonian
|Estonia
|Estonia
|
|-
|Livonian
|Latvia
|
|endangered
|-
|Veps
|Russia
|
|endangered
|-
|Komi
|Russia
|Russia (R)
|endangered
|-
|Udmurt
|Russia
|Russia (R)
|endangered
|-
|Mari
|Russia
|Russia (R)
|endangered
|-
|Erza
|Russia
|Russia (R)
|endangered
|-
|Moksha
|Russia
|Russia (R)
|endangered
|-
|Hungarian
|Hungary, Slovakia, Romania, Austria, Serbia
|Hungary
|(endangered in Slovakia, Romania, Austria and Serbia)
|-
|}
====[[Samoyedic languages]]====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!language
!approximate<br>location
!official<br>status<br>in:<br>(R = only<br>regional,<br>official<br>status)
!vitality
|-
|Nenets
|Russia
|
|endangered
|-
|}
===[[Altaic languages]]===
====[[Turkic languages]]====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!language
!approximate<br>location
!official<br>status<br>in:<br>(R = only<br>regional,<br>official<br>status)
!vitality
|-
|Turkish
|Turkey, Cyprus Greece, Bulgaria
|Turkey, Cyprus
|(endangered in Greece and Bulgaria)
|-
|Gagauz
|Moldova, Ukraine
|Moldova (R)
|
|endangered
|-
|Chuvash
|Russia
|Russia (R)
|endangered
|-
|Crimean Tatar
|Ukraine
|
|endangered
|-
|Volga Tatar
|Russia
|Russia (R)
|endangered
|-
|Bashkort (Bashkir)
|Russia
|Russia (R)
|endangered
|-
|Kumyk
|Russia
|
|endangered
|-
|Karachay-Balkar
|Russia
|Russia (R)
|endangered
|-
|Nogay
|Russia
|Russia (R)
|endangered
|-
|Azeri
|Azerbaijan, Iran
|Azerbaijan
|
|-
|}
====[[Mongolian language]]====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!language
!approximate<br>location
!official<br>status<br>in:<br>(R = only<br>regional,<br>official<br>status)
!vitality
|-
|Mongolian (Kalmyk)
|Russia
|Russia (R)
|endangered
|-
|}
===[[North Caucasian languages]]===
The unity of the North Caucasian family is debated among specialists.
====[[Northwest Caucasian languages]]====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!language
!approximate<br>location
!official<br>status<br>in:<br>(R = only<br>regional,<br>official<br>status)
!vitality
|-
|Abkhaz-Abaza
|Abkhazia, Russia
|Abkhazia
|endangered
|-
|Circassian (Adyghe, Kabardian)
|Russia
|Russia (R)
|endangered
|-
|}
====[[Northeast Caucasian languages]]====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!language
!approximate<br>location
!official<br>status<br>in:<br>(R = only<br>regional,<br>official<br>status)
!vitality
|-
|Chechen
|Russia
|Russia (R)
|endangered
|-
|Ingush
|Russia
|Russia (R)
|endangered
|-
|many languages in Russia (Daghestan) and Azerbaijan, including: Bats, Avar, Andi, Lak, Dargwa, Lezgian, Tabasaran, Aghul, Udi, Rutul, etc.
|Russia, Azerbaijan
|(R) (for some of them)
|endangered
|-
|}
===[[Kartvelian languages]] (South Caucasian languages)===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!language
!approximate<br>location
!official<br>status<br>in:<br>(R = only<br>regional,<br>official<br>status)
!vitality
|-
|Georgian
|Georgia
|Georgia (R)
|
|-
|Svan
|Georgia
|
|endangered
|-
|Mingrelian
|Georgia
|
|endangered
|-
|Laz
|Turkey, Georgia
|
|endangered
|-
|}

Revision as of 11:02, 23 December 2010

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https://en.citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Europe/Addendum&printable=yes
This addendum is a continuation of the article Europe.

The states of Europe

state capital official
state
language 		European
Union
member 		Council
of
Europe
member 		NATO
member
Albania Tirana Albanian application
submitted
•
•
Andorra Andorra la Vella Catalan
•
Armenia
(edge of Europe) 		Erevan Armenian
•
Austria Vienna German
•
•
Azerbaijan
(edge of Europe) 		Baku Azeri
•
Belarus Minsk Belarussian
Belgium Brussels Dutch,
French,
German
•
•
•
Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarajevo Bosnian,
Croatian,
Serbian 		potential
candidate
•
Bulgaria Sofia Bulgarian
•
•
•
Croatia Zagreb Croatian candidate
•
•
Cyprus
(edge of Europe) 		Nicosia Greek,
Turkish
•
•
Czechia Prague Czech
•
•
•
Denmark Copenhagen Danish
•
•
•
Estonia Tallinn Estonian
•
•
•
Finland Helsinki Finnish,
Swedish
•
•
France Paris French
•
•
•
Georgia
(edge of Europe) 		Tbilisi Georgian
•
Germany Berlin German
•
•
•
Greece Athens Greek
•
•
•
Hungary Budapest Hungarian
•
•
•
Iceland Reykjavík Icelandic candidate
•
•
Ireland Dublin Irish,
English
•
•
Italy Rome Italian
•
•
•
Kazakhstan
(edge of Europe) 		Astana
(in Asia) 		Kazakh
Kosovo Priština Albanian,
Serbian 		potential
candidate
Latvia Riga Latvian
•
•
•
Liechtenstein Vaduz German
•
Lithuania Vilnius Lithuanian
•
•
•
Luxembourg Luxembourg German/
Luxembourgish,
French
•
•
•
Republic of Macedonia
(FYROM) 		Skopje Macedonian candidate
•
Malta
(edge of Europe) 		Valletta Maltese,
English
•
•
Moldova Chișinău Romanian
(“Moldovan”)
•
Monaco (city-sate) French
•
Montenegro Podgorica Serbian
(“Montenegrin”) 		candidate
•
Netherlands The Hague,
Amsterdam 		Dutch
•
•
•
Norway Oslo Norwegian
•
•
Poland Warsaw Polish
•
•
•
Portugal Lisbon Portuguese
•
•
•
Romania Bucharest Romanian
•
•
•
Russia
(edge of Europe) 		Moscow Russian
•
San Marino City of
San Marino 		Italian
•
Serbia Belgrade Serbian application
submitted
•
Slovakia Bratislava Slovakian
•
•
•
Slovenia Ljubljana Slovenian
•
•
•
Spain Madrid Spanish
•
•
•
Sweden Stockholm Swedish
•
•
Switzerland Bern German,
French,
Italian,
Romansh
•
Turkey
(edge of Europe) 		Ankara Turkish candidate
•
•
Ukraine Kyiv Ukrainian
•
United Kingdom London English
•
•
•
Vatican City (city-state,
inside
Rome) 		Italian,
Latin

Note that Europe includes the following, de facto, independent territories, with no or very little international recognition: Abkhazia (edge of Europe), Nagorno-Karabakh (edge of Europe), Northern Cyprus (edge of Europe), South Ossetia (edge of Europe) and Transnistria.

The languages of Europe

The following list presents the current, autochtonous languages of Europe, classified by language families. Various, recently claimed languages that are not widely—or not yet—recognised by the linguist community are not enlisted here. Each table matches with a lower range language family. In each table, languages are presented with a geographic order, mainly from west to east and from north to south.

Basque language

language approximate
location 		official
status
in:
(R = only
regional,
official
status) 		vitality
Basque Spain, France Spain (R) •

Indo-European languages

Romance languages

language approximate
location 		official
status
in:
(R = only
regional,
official
status) 		vitality
Galician-Portuguese Portugal, Spain Portugal, Spain (R) (endangered in Spain)
Asturian-Leonese Spain, Portugal Portugal (R) endangered
Spanish Spain Spain
Aragonese Spain endangered
Catalan Spain, France, Andorra, Italy Andorra, Spain (R) endangered
Occitan France, Italy, Spain, Monaco Spain (R) endangered
Francoprovençal France, Switzerland, Italy endangered
French France, Belgium, Switzerland, Channel Islands France, Belgium, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Monaco (endangered in the Channel Islands)
Romansh Switzerland Switzerland endangered
Ladin Italy endangered
Friulian Italy endangered
Northern Italian Italy, Switzerland, Monaco, San Marino, Slovenia, Croatia endangered
Italian Italy Italy, Switzerland, San Marino
Corsican France, Italy endangered
Sardinian Italy endangered
Romanian Romania, Moldova, Balkans Romania, Moldova

Germanic languages

language approximate
location 		official
status
in:
(R = only
regional,
official
status) 		vitality
Icelandic Iceland Iceland
Faroese Faroe Islands Faroe Islands (R)
Norwegian Norway Norway
Swedish Sweden, Finland Sweden, Finland
Danish Denmark, Sweden Denmark
English United Kingdom United Kingdom, Ireland
Frisian Netherlands, Germany endangered
Dutch Netherlands, Belgium, France, Germany Netherlands, Belgium
Low German Germany, Netherlands endangered
German Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein, Italy, France Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein, Italy (R) (endangered in France)
Yiddish scattered across Central Europe endangered

Slavic languages

language approximate
location 		official
status
in:
(R = only
regional,
official
status) 		vitality
Sorbian Germany Germany (R) endangered
Kashubian Poland endangered
Polish Poland Poland
Czech Czechia Czechia
Slovakian Slovakia Slovakia
Belarussian Belarus, Russia Belarus endangered
Ukrainian Ukraine, Poland, Slovakia Ukraine
Russian Russia Russia, Belarus, Moldova (R)
Slovenian Slovenia, Italy, Austria Slovenia (endangered in Italy and Austria)
Croatian
(Serbo-Croatian
diasystem) 		Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnian
(Serbo-Croatian
diasystem) 		Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina
Serbian
(Serbo-Croatian
diasystem) 		Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Croatia Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo
Macedonian Republic of Macedonia, Greece Republic of Macedonia (endangered in Greece)
Bulgarian Bulgaria, Greece Bulgaria (endangered in Greece)

Baltic languages

language approximate
location 		official
status
in:
(R = only
regional,
official
status) 		vitality
Latvian Latvia Latvia
Lithuanian Lithuania Lithuania

Celtic languages

language approximate
location 		official
status
in:
(R = only
regional,
official
status) 		vitality
Irish Ireland, United Kingdom Ireland endangered
Scottish Gaelic United Kingdom United Kingdom (R) endangered
Manx Isle of Man endangered
Welsh United Kingdom United Kingdom (R) endangered
Cornish United Kingdom endangered
Breton France endangered

====Indo-Iralian languages

language approximate
location 		official
status
in:
(R = only
regional,
official
status) 		vitality
Ossetic Russia, South Ossetia South Ossetia endangered
language approximate
location 		official
status
in:
(R = only
regional,
official
status) 		vitality
Romany scattered across Europe endangered

====Greek

language approximate
location 		official
status
in:
(R = only
regional,
official
status) 		vitality
Greek Greece, Cyprus, Albania Greece, Albania (endangered in Albania)

====Albanian

language approximate
location 		official
status
in:
(R = only
regional,
official
status) 		vitality
Albanian Albania, Kosovo, Republic of Macedonia, Greece Albania, Kosovo (endangered in Greece)

====Armenian

language approximate
location 		official
status
in:
(R = only
regional,
official
status) 		vitality
Armenian Armenia, Nagorno-Karabakh, Turkey Armenia, Nagorno-Karabakh (endangered in Turkey)

Afro-Asiatic languages

Semitic languages

language approximate
location 		official
status
in:
(R = only
regional,
official
status) 		vitality
Maltese Malta Malta

Uralic languages

Finno-Ugric languages

language approximate
location 		official
status
in:
(R = only
regional,
official
status) 		vitality
Sami (Lappish) Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia endangered
Finnish (including Karelian) Finland, Russia, Sweden Finland (endangered in Russia and Sweden)
Estonian Estonia Estonia
Livonian Latvia endangered
Veps Russia endangered
Komi Russia Russia (R) endangered
Udmurt Russia Russia (R) endangered
Mari Russia Russia (R) endangered
Erza Russia Russia (R) endangered
Moksha Russia Russia (R) endangered
Hungarian Hungary, Slovakia, Romania, Austria, Serbia Hungary (endangered in Slovakia, Romania, Austria and Serbia)

Samoyedic languages

language approximate
location 		official
status
in:
(R = only
regional,
official
status) 		vitality
Nenets Russia endangered

Altaic languages

Turkic languages

language approximate
location 		official
status
in:
(R = only
regional,
official
status) 		vitality
Turkish Turkey, Cyprus Greece, Bulgaria Turkey, Cyprus (endangered in Greece and Bulgaria)
Gagauz Moldova, Ukraine Moldova (R) endangered
Chuvash Russia Russia (R) endangered
Crimean Tatar Ukraine endangered
Volga Tatar Russia Russia (R) endangered
Bashkort (Bashkir) Russia Russia (R) endangered
Kumyk Russia endangered
Karachay-Balkar Russia Russia (R) endangered
Nogay Russia Russia (R) endangered
Azeri Azerbaijan, Iran Azerbaijan

Mongolian language

language approximate
location 		official
status
in:
(R = only
regional,
official
status) 		vitality
Mongolian (Kalmyk) Russia Russia (R) endangered

North Caucasian languages

The unity of the North Caucasian family is debated among specialists.

Northwest Caucasian languages

language approximate
location 		official
status
in:
(R = only
regional,
official
status) 		vitality
Abkhaz-Abaza Abkhazia, Russia Abkhazia endangered
Circassian (Adyghe, Kabardian) Russia Russia (R) endangered


Northeast Caucasian languages

language approximate
location 		official
status
in:
(R = only
regional,
official
status) 		vitality
Chechen Russia Russia (R) endangered
Ingush Russia Russia (R) endangered
many languages in Russia (Daghestan) and Azerbaijan, including: Bats, Avar, Andi, Lak, Dargwa, Lezgian, Tabasaran, Aghul, Udi, Rutul, etc. Russia, Azerbaijan (R) (for some of them) endangered

Kartvelian languages (South Caucasian languages)

language approximate
location 		official
status
in:
(R = only
regional,
official
status) 		vitality
Georgian Georgia Georgia (R)
Svan Georgia endangered
Mingrelian Georgia endangered
Laz Turkey, Georgia endangered
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