Scylla (sea monster)

This article is about Scylla (sea monster). For other uses of the term Scylla, please see Scylla (disambiguation).

Scylla depicted on an Etruscan vase (Louvre) from 450–425 BC

In Greek mythology, Scylla was a female sea monster, described as six-headed with legs made of snakes, who attacked and devoured sailors along one side of a narrow sea passage. The narrow passage was made even more dangerous by the nearby presence of the sea monster Charybdis. Boats in the constricted area could avoid either monster but not both, and the only way to avoid danger was to take a long detour by water. From this came the saying "to be between Scylla and Charybdis", which in English changed into "to be between a rock and a hard place".

Bulfinch

The following account of Scylla's creation is from Bulfinch's The Age of Fable, which is a retelling of the account from Ovid's Metamorphoses.

Glaucus said to Circe: “Goddess, I entreat your pity; you alone can relieve the pain I suffer…I love Scylla. I am ashamed to tell you how I have sued and promised to her, and how scornfully she has treated me. I beseech you to use your incantations, or potent herbs, if they are more prevailing, not to cure me of my love,--for that I do not wish,--but to make her share it and yield me a like return.”

To which Circe replied, for she was not insensible to the attractions of the sea-green deity, “You had better pursue a willing object; you are worthy to be sought, instead of having to seek in vain. Be not diffident, know your own worth. I protest to you that even I, goddess though I be…should not know how to refuse you. If she scorns you scorn her; meet one who is ready to meet you half way, and thus make a due return to both at once.”

To these words Glaucus replied: “Sooner shall trees grow at the bottom of the ocean, and the sea weed at the top of the mountains, than I will cease to love Scylla, and her alone.”

The goddess was indignant, but she could not punish him, neither did she wish to do so, for she liked him too well; so she turned all her wrath against her rival, poor Scylla.

[Jumping ahead to the next time Scylla bathed in the sea, due to Circe’s powers:] The lower half of Scylla’s body was turned into a bunch of writhing sea serpents and barking monsters, still attached to her body. Scylla remained rooted to the spot. Her temper grew as ugly as her form, and she took pleasure in devouring hapless mariners who came within her grasp…till at last she was turned into a rock, and as such still continues to be a terror to mariners.

Ovid

Ovid describes how Scylla ends up as a rock:

Glaucus, {still} in love, bewailed {her}, and fled from an alliance with Circe, who had {thus} too hostilely employed the potency of herbs. Scylla remained on that spot; and, at the first moment that an opportunity was given, in her hatred of Circe, she deprived Ulysses of his companions. Soon after, the same {Scylla} would have overwhelmed the Trojan ships, had she not been first transformed into a rock, which even now is prominent with its crags; {this} rock the sailor, too, avoids.

Henry Riley

In some accounts, Scylla was referred to as a hazardous rock, and Charybdis as a whirlpool, and many mariners were reputed to have been wrecked between the two sea hazards. Tradition has it that the narrow passage was the strait of Messina, and the alternate route was to sail around Sicily. Metamorphoses translator Henry Riley's commentary on Scylla the rock's location and danger, along with neighboring Charybdis:

According to some authors, Scylla was the daughter of Phorcys and Hecate; but as other writers say, of Typhon. Homer describes her in the following terms:-- ‘She had a voice like that of a young whelp; no man, not even a God, could behold her without horror. She had twelve feet, six long necks, and at the end of each a monstrous head, whose mouth was provided with a triple row of teeth.’ Another ancient writer says, that these heads were those of an insect, a dog, a lion, a whale, a Gorgon, and a human being. Virgil has in a great measure followed the description given by Homer. Between Messina and Reggio there is a narrow strait, where high crags project into the sea on each side. The part on the Sicilian side was called Charybdis, and that on the Italian shore was named Scylla. This spot has ever been famous for its dangerous whirlpools, and the extreme difficulty of its navigation. Several rapid currents meeting there, and the tide running through the strait with great impetuosity, the sea sends forth a dismal noise, not unlike that of the howling or barking of dogs, as Virgil has expressed it, in the words, ‘Multis circum latrantibus undis.’

The Aeneid

The Latin epic poem The Aeneid was written by Virgil between 29 and 19 BC. Its main protagonist is Aeneas, and other refugees of the Trojan war, who sail around the Mediterranean sea for years before settling in Italy, so their descendants eventually found the city of Rome. During his search for a new home, Aeneas was advised to avoid certain hazards, including the Sirens, the Cyclops, and Scylla.

But when at thy departure the wind hath borne thee to the Sicilian coast, and the barred straits of Pelorus [a cape in Sicily] open out, steer for the left-hand country and the long circuit of the seas on the left hand; shun the shore and water on thy right. These lands, they say, of old broke asunder, torn and upheaved by vast force, when either country was one and undivided; the ocean burst in between, cutting off with its waves the Hesperian [ancient Greek name for Italy] from the Sicilian coast, and with narrow tide washes tilth and town along the severance of shore. On the right Scylla keeps guard, on the left unassuaged Charybdis, who thrice swallows the vast flood sheer down her swirling gulf, and ever again hurls it upward, lashing the sky with water. But Scylla lies prisoned in her cavern's blind recesses, thrusting forth her mouth and drawing ships upon the rocks. In front her face is human, and her breast fair as a maiden's to the waist down; behind she is a sea-dragon of monstrous frame, with dolphins' tails joined on her wolf-girt belly. Better to track the goal of Trinacrian Pachynus ["sail all the way around Sicily"], lingering and wheeling round through long spaces, than once catch sight of misshapen Scylla deep in her dreary cavern, and of the rocks that ring to her sea-coloured hounds.

When the ships first came close to Scylla, they narrowly avoided her by sailing the long way around the island which formed one side of the strait where she was situated. But later, the fleet gets swept into the same strait, and while trying to speed past Scylla, she devours six sailors (one with each of her six voracious heads).

Virgil portrays Scylla as a natural hazard deliberately utilized by Aeneas' enemy, the goddess Juno, who laments that none of her intended impediments have yet managed to stop Aeneas' progress towards his intended fate as founder of Rome:

Ah, hated brood, and doom of the Phrygians [ancient Trojan predecessors] that thwarts our doom! Could they perish on the Sigean [near Troy] plains? Could they be ensnared when taken? Did the fires of Troy consume her people? Through the midst of armies and through the midst of flames they have found their way...it is I who have been fierce to follow them over the waves when hurled from their country, and on all the seas have crossed their flight. Against the Teucrians [Trojan predecessors] the forces of sky and sea are spent. What hath availed me Syrtes [a dangerous sandbank] or Scylla, what desolate Charybdis? they find shelter in their desired Tiber-bed [Italian river], careless of ocean and of me.