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| == '''[[Acute coronary syndrome]]''' ==
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| | <small> |
| In [[medicine]] and [[cardiology]], '''acute coronary syndrome''' (ACS) is a collection of [[sign (medical)|signs]] and [[symptom]]s due to inadequate oxygenation of the heart muscle, the [[myocardium]], usually due to [[coronary artery disease]].<ref>{{MeSH}}</ref> ACS includes [[myocardial infarction]] ("heart attack") and [[angina]].
| | ==Footnotes== |
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| Pain relief and proper oxygenation is the core of ACS treatment. When the root causie is angina, the temporary cause of ischemia should be reversed. For myocardial infarction, more vigorous interventions are appropriate if they can prevent damage to myocardium.
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| ===Etiology/causes===
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| ====Atheroclerotic obstruction====
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| ACS is usually caused by obstruction in an epicardial coronary artery.<ref name="pmid18687244">{{cite journal |author=Ong P, Athanasiadis A, Hill S, Vogelsberg H, Voehringer M, Sechtem U |title=Coronary artery spasm as a frequent cause of acute coronary syndrome: The CASPAR (Coronary Artery Spasm in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome) Study |journal=J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. |volume=52 |issue=7 |pages=523–7 |year=2008 |month=August |pmid=18687244 |doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2008.04.050 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0735-1097(08)01872-X |issn=}}</ref> The obstruction may be due to a thrombus at the site of a ruptured atherosclerotic plaque.<ref name="pmid1728732">{{cite journal |author=Mizuno K, Satomura K, Miyamoto A, ''et al'' |title=Angioscopic evaluation of coronary-artery thrombi in acute coronary syndromes |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=326 |issue=5 |pages=287–91 |year=1992 |month=January |pmid=1728732 |doi= |url= |issn=}}</ref>
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| Rupture seems more likely to occur during the morning hours.<ref name="pmid2865677">{{cite journal |author=Muller JE, Stone PH, Turi ZG, ''et al'' |title=Circadian variation in the frequency of onset of acute myocardial infarction |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=313 |issue=21 |pages=1315–22 |year=1985 |month=November |pmid=2865677 |doi= |url= |issn=}}</ref> Rupture may be precipited by inflammation from non-cardiac infections.<ref name="pmid18293142">{{cite journal |author=Harskamp RE, van Ginkel MW |title=Acute respiratory tract infections: a potential trigger for the acute coronary syndrome |journal=Ann. Med. |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=121–8 |year=2008 |pmid=18293142 |doi=10.1080/07853890701753672 |url=http://www.informaworld.com/openurl?genre=article&doi=10.1080/07853890701753672&magic=pubmed||1B69BA326FFE69C3F0A8F227DF8201D0 |issn=}}</ref> Rupture may be triggered by vigorous exercise among individuals who do not ordinarily do vigorous exercise.<ref name="pmid6472399">{{cite journal |author=Siscovick DS, Weiss NS, Fletcher RH, Lasky T |title=The incidence of primary cardiac arrest during vigorous exercise |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=311 |issue=14 |pages=874–7 |year=1984 |month=October |pmid=6472399 |doi= |url= |issn=}}</ref>
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| ====Coronary vasospasm====
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| Approximately 15% of NSTEMI and 2% of STEMI patients have no obstruction of coronary vessels and in about half of these patients, spasm can be induced of a coronary artery.<ref name="pmid18687244"/>
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| ''[[Acute coronary syndrome|.... (read more)]]''
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| ! style="text-align: center;" | [[Acute coronary syndrome#References|notes]]
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| {{reflist|2}} | | {{reflist|2}} |
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| | </small> |
Latest revision as of 10:19, 11 September 2020
The Irvin pin. The eyes have always been red, but there are
urban legends about the meanings of other colors.
A pin from another company, possibly Switlik or Standard Parachute. This style is common in catalogs and auctions of military memorabilia.
The Caterpillar Club is an informal association of people who have successfully used a parachute to bail out of a disabled aircraft. After authentication by the parachute maker, applicants receive a membership certificate and a distinctive lapel pin.
History
Before April 28, 1919 there was no way for a pilot to jump out of a plane and then to deploy a parachute. Parachutes were stored in a canister attached to the aircraft, and if the plane was spinning, the parachute could not deploy. Film industry stuntman Leslie Irvin developed a parachute that the pilot could deploy at will from a back pack using a ripcord. He joined the Army Air Corps parachute research team, and in April 1919 he successfully tested his design, though he broke his ankle during the test. Irvin was the first person to make a premeditated free fall jump from an airplane. He went on to form the Irving Airchute Company, which became a large supplier of parachutes. (A clerical error resulted in the addition of the "g" to Irvin and this was left in place until 1970, when the company was unified under the title Irvin Industries Incorporated.) The Irvin brand is now a part of Airborne Systems, a company with operations in Canada, the U.S. and the U.K.[1].
An early brochure [2] of the Irvin Parachute Company credits William O'Connor 24 August 1920 at McCook Field near Dayton, Ohio as the first person to be saved by an Irvin parachute, but this feat was unrecognised. On 20 October 1922 Lieutenant Harold R. Harris, chief of the McCook Field Flying Station, jumped from a disabled Loening W-2A monoplane fighter. Shortly after, two reporters from the Dayton Herald, realising that there would be more jumps in future, suggested that a club should be formed. 'Caterpillar Club' was suggested because the parachute canopy was made of silk, and because caterpillars have to climb out of their cocoons and fly away. Harris became the first member, and from that time forward any person who jumped from a disabled aircraft with a parachute became a member of the Caterpillar Club. Other famous members include General James Doolittle, Charles Lindbergh and (retired) astronaut John Glenn.
In 1922 Leslie Irvin agreed to give a gold pin to every person whose life was saved by one of his parachutes. By 1945 the number of members with the Irvin pins had grown to over 34,000. In addition to the Irvin Air Chute Company and its successors, other parachute manufacturers have also issued caterpillar pins for successful jumps. Irvin/Irving's successor, Airborne Systems Canada, still provides pins to people who made their jump long ago and are just now applying for membership. Another of these is Switlik Parachute Company, which though it no longer makes parachutes, still issues pins.
