Nobel Prize in Physics/Catalogs: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
imported>Paul Wormer No edit summary |
imported>Paul Wormer No edit summary |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{subpages}} | {{subpages}} | ||
<table align = "center" width="95%" | <table align = "center" width="95%" border="0" cellpadding="5px" | ||
style="border: 1px black | style=" border: 1px solid black; | ||
border-collapse: collapse;"> | |||
<tr style="font-weight: bold; font-size:16pt; text-align: left;"> | |||
<th>Year <th>Laureate <th>Country<th>Reasons</th> | |||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | ||
<td rowspan="1" width="6%"> 1901 | <td rowspan="1" width="6%"> 1901 <td width="23%"> [[Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen]] <td>Germany | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For the discovery of X-rays | <td rowspan="1"> For the discovery of X-rays | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | ||
<td rowspan="2"> 1902 | <td rowspan="2"> 1902 <td> [[Hendrik A. Lorentz]] <td>Netherlands | ||
<td rowspan="2"> For the discovery of influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena | <td rowspan="2"> For the discovery of influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td> [[Pieter Zeeman]] <td>Netherlands | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | ||
<td rowspan="3"> 1903 | <td rowspan="3"> 1903 <td> [[Henri Becquerel]] <td>France | ||
<td rowspan="3"> For researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel | <td rowspan="3"> For researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> <td> [[Pierre Curie]] <td>France | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> <td> [[Marie Curie]] <td>France | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> 1904 | <td rowspan="1"> 1904 <td> [[Lord Rayleigh]] <td>UK | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For investigations of the densities of gases and for discovery of argon | <td rowspan="1"> For investigations of the densities of gases and for discovery of argon | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> 1905 | <td rowspan="1"> 1905 <td> [[Philipp Lenard]] <td>Germany | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For | <td rowspan="1"> For his work on cathode rays | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> 1906 | <td rowspan="1"> 1906 <td> [[J.J. Thomson]] <td>UK | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For work on the conduction of electricity by gases | <td rowspan="1"> For work on the conduction of electricity by gases | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> 1907 | <td rowspan="1"> 1907 <td> [[Albert A. Michelson]] <td>USA | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For optical precision instruments and spectroscopic and metrological investigations | <td rowspan="1"> For optical precision instruments and spectroscopic and metrological investigations | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> 1908 | <td rowspan="1"> 1908 <td> [[Gabriel Lippmann]] <td>France | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference | <td rowspan="1"> For method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | ||
<td rowspan="2"> 1909 | <td rowspan="2"> 1909 <td> [[Guglielmo Marconi]] <td>Italy | ||
<td rowspan="2"> For the development of wireless telegraphy | <td rowspan="2"> For the development of wireless telegraphy | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> <td> [[Ferdinand Braun]] <td>Germany | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> 1910 | <td rowspan="1"> 1910 <td> [[Johannes Diderik van der Waals]] <td>Netherlands | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For work on the equation of state for gases and liquids | <td rowspan="1"> For work on the equation of state for gases and liquids | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> 1911 | <td rowspan="1"> 1911 <td> [[Wilhelm Wien]] <td>Germany | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat | <td rowspan="1"> For discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> 1912 | <td rowspan="1"> 1912 <td> [[Gustaf Dalén]] <td>Sweden | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For automatic regulators for use in conjunction with gas accumulators for illuminating lighthouses and buoys | <td rowspan="1"> For automatic regulators for use in conjunction with gas accumulators for illuminating lighthouses and buoys | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> 1913 | <td rowspan="1"> 1913 <td> [[Heike Kamerlingh Onnes]] <td>Netherlands | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For investigations of matter at low temperatures which led to the production of liquid helium | <td rowspan="1"> For investigations of matter at low temperatures which led to the production of liquid helium | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> 1914 | <td rowspan="1"> 1914 <td> [[Max von Laue]] <td>Germany | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals | <td rowspan="1"> For discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | ||
<td rowspan="2"> 1915 | <td rowspan="2"> 1915 <td> [[William Bragg]] <td>UK | ||
<td rowspan="2"> For their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays | <td rowspan="2"> For their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> <td> [[Lawrence Bragg]] <td>UK | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> 1916 | <td rowspan="1"> 1916 <td> No award <td> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> – | <td rowspan="1"> – | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> 1917 | <td rowspan="1"> 1917 <td> [[Charles Glover Barkla]] <td>UK | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements | <td rowspan="1"> For discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> 1918 | <td rowspan="1"> 1918 <td> [[Max Planck]] <td>Germany | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta | <td rowspan="1"> For the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> 1919 | <td rowspan="1"> 1919 <td> [[Johannes Stark]] <td>Germany | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields | <td rowspan="1"> For discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> 1920 | <td rowspan="1"> 1920 <td> [[Charles Edouard Guillaume]] <td>Switzerland | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys | <td rowspan="1"> For precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> 1921 | <td rowspan="1"> 1921 <td> [[Albert Einstein]] <td>Germ.+Switz. | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect | <td rowspan="1"> For services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> 1922 | <td rowspan="1"> 1922 <td> [[Niels Bohr]] <td>Denmark | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them | <td rowspan="1"> For investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> 1923 | <td rowspan="1"> 1923 <td> [[Robert A. Millikan]] <td>USA | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect | <td rowspan="1"> For work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> 1924 | <td rowspan="1"> 1924 <td> [[Manne Siegbahn]] <td>Sweden | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy | <td rowspan="1"> For discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | ||
<td rowspan="2"> 1925 | <td rowspan="2"> 1925 <td> [[James Franck]] <td>Germany | ||
<td rowspan="2"> For discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom | <td rowspan="2"> For discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> <td> [[Gustav Hertz]] <td>Germany | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> 1926 | <td rowspan="1"> 1926 <td> [[Jean Baptiste Perrin]] <td>France | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for discovery of sedimentation equilibrium | <td rowspan="1"> For work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for discovery of sedimentation equilibrium | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | ||
<td rowspan="2"> 1927 | <td rowspan="2"> 1927 <td> [[Arthur H. Compton]] <td>USA | ||
<td rowspan=" | <td rowspan="1"> For discovery of Compton scattering | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> <td> [[Charles T.R. Wilson]] <td>UK | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For paths of charged particles made visible by condensation of vapour | |||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> 1928 | <td rowspan="1"> 1928 <td> [[Owen Willans Richardson]] <td>UK | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of Richardson's law | <td rowspan="1"> For work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of Richardson's law | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> 1929 | <td rowspan="1"> 1929 <td> [[Louis de Broglie]] <td>France | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For his discovery of the wave nature of electrons | <td rowspan="1"> For his discovery of the wave nature of electrons | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> 1930 | <td rowspan="1"> 1930 <td> [[Sir Venkata Raman]] <td>India | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the Raman effect | <td rowspan="1"> For his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the Raman effect | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> 1931 | <td rowspan="1"> 1931 <td> No award <td> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> – | <td rowspan="1"> – | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> 1932 | <td rowspan="1"> 1932 <td> [[Werner Heisenberg]] <td>Germany | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For the creation of quantum mechanics | <td rowspan="1"> For the creation of quantum mechanics | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | ||
<td rowspan="2"> 1933 | <td rowspan="2"> 1933 <td> [[Erwin Schrödinger]] <td>Austria | ||
<td rowspan="2"> For the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory | <td rowspan="2"> For the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> <td> [[Paul A.M. Dirac]] <td>UK | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> 1934 | <td rowspan="1"> 1934 <td> No award <td> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> – | <td rowspan="1"> – | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> 1935 | <td rowspan="1"> 1935 <td> [[James Chadwick]] <td>UK | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For the discovery of the neutron | <td rowspan="1"> For the discovery of the neutron | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | ||
<td rowspan="2"> 1936 | <td rowspan="2"> 1936 <td> [[Victor F. Hess]] <td>Austria | ||
<td rowspan=" | <td rowspan="1"> For discovery of cosmic radiation | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td> [[Carl D. Anderson]] <td>USA | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For discovery of the positron | |||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | ||
<td rowspan="2"> 1937 | <td rowspan="2"> 1937 <td> [[Clinton Davisson]] <td>USA | ||
<td rowspan="2"> For experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals | <td rowspan="2"> For experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> <td> [[George Paget Thomson]] <td>UK | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> 1938 | <td rowspan="1"> 1938 <td> [[Enrico Fermi]] <td>Italy | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and nuclear reactions | <td rowspan="1"> For new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and nuclear reactions | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> 1939 | <td rowspan="1"> 1939 <td> [[Ernest Lawrence]] <td>USA | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For the cyclotron and artificial radioactive elements | <td rowspan="1"> For the cyclotron and artificial radioactive elements | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> 1940 | <td rowspan="1"> 1940 <td> No award <td> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> – | <td rowspan="1"> – | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> 1941 | <td rowspan="1"> 1941 <td> No award <td> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> – | <td rowspan="1"> – | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> 1942 | <td rowspan="1"> 1942 <td> No award <td> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> – | <td rowspan="1"> – | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> 1943 | <td rowspan="1"> 1943 <td> [[Otto Stern]] <td>USA | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For molecular ray method and discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton | <td rowspan="1"> For molecular ray method and discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> 1944 | <td rowspan="1"> 1944 <td> [[Isidor Isaac Rabi]] <td>USA | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei | <td rowspan="1"> For resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> 1945 | <td rowspan="1"> 1945 <td> [[Wolfgang Pauli]] <td>Austria | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle | <td rowspan="1"> For the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> 1946 | <td rowspan="1"> 1946 <td> [[Percy W. Bridgman]] <td>USA | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and discoveries in the field of high pressure physics | <td rowspan="1"> For apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and discoveries in the field of high pressure physics | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> 1947 | <td rowspan="1"> 1947 <td> [[Edward V. Appleton]] <td>UK | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the Appleton layer | <td rowspan="1"> For physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the Appleton layer | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> 1948 | <td rowspan="1"> 1948 <td> [[Patrick M.S. Blackett]] <td>UK | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For development of the Wilson cloud chamber and discoveries in nuclear physics and cosmic radiation | <td rowspan="1"> For development of the Wilson cloud chamber and discoveries in nuclear physics and cosmic radiation | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> 1949 | <td rowspan="1"> 1949 <td> [[Hideki Yukawa]] <td>Japan | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces | <td rowspan="1"> For prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> 1950 | <td rowspan="1"> 1950 <td> [[Cecil Powell]] <td>UK | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For development of photographic method of studying nuclear processes and discoveries regarding mesons | <td rowspan="1"> For development of photographic method of studying nuclear processes and discoveries regarding mesons | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | ||
<td rowspan="2"> 1951 | <td rowspan="2"> 1951 <td> [[John Cockcroft]] <td>UK | ||
<td rowspan="2"> For their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles | <td rowspan="2"> For their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> <td> [[Ernest T.S. Walton]] <td>Ireland | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | ||
<td rowspan="2"> 1952 | <td rowspan="2"> 1952 <td> [[Felix Bloch]] <td>USA | ||
<td rowspan="2"> For development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements | <td rowspan="2"> For development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td> [[E. M. Purcell]] <td>USA | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> 1953 | <td rowspan="1"> 1953 <td> [[Frits Zernike]] <td>Netherlands | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope | <td rowspan="1"> For phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | ||
<td rowspan="2"> 1954 | <td rowspan="2"> 1954 <td> [[Max Born]] <td>UK | ||
<td rowspan=" | <td rowspan="1"> For research in quantum mechanics, for statistical interpretation of wavefunction | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td> [[Walther Bothe]] <td>Germany | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For the coincidence method | |||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | ||
<td rowspan="2"> 1955 | <td rowspan="2"> 1955 <td> [[Willis E. Lamb]] <td>USA | ||
<td rowspan=" | <td rowspan="1"> For the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> <td> [[Polykarp Kusch]] <td>USA | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For the magnetic moment of the electron | |||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | ||
<td rowspan="3"> 1956 | <td rowspan="3"> 1956 <td> [[William B. Shockley]] <td>USA | ||
<td rowspan="3"> For semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect | <td rowspan="3"> For semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td> [[John Bardeen]] <td>USA | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td> [[Walter H. Brattain]] <td>USA | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | ||
<td rowspan="2"> 1957 | <td rowspan="2"> 1957 <td> [[Chen Ning Yang]] <td>China | ||
<td rowspan="2"> For parity laws in elementary particle physics | <td rowspan="2"> For parity laws in elementary particle physics | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> <td> [[Tsung-Dao Lee]] <td>China | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | ||
<td rowspan="3"> 1958 | <td rowspan="3"> 1958 <td> [[Pavel A. Cherenkov]] <td>USSR | ||
<td rowspan="3"> For discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect | <td rowspan="3"> For discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td> [[Il'ja M. Frank]] <td>USSR | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td> [[Igor Y. Tamm]] <td>USSR | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | ||
<td rowspan="2"> 1959 | <td rowspan="2"> 1959 <td> [[Emilio Segrè]] <td>USA | ||
<td rowspan="2"> For their discovery of the antiproton | <td rowspan="2"> For their discovery of the antiproton | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> <td> [[Owen Chamberlain]] <td>USA | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> 1960 | <td rowspan="1"> 1960 <td> [[Donald A. Glaser]] <td>USA | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For the invention of the bubble chamber | <td rowspan="1"> For the invention of the bubble chamber | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | ||
<td rowspan="2"> 1961 | <td rowspan="2"> 1961 <td> [[Robert Hofstadter]] <td>USA | ||
<td rowspan=" | <td rowspan="1"> For electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for the structure of the nucleons | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> <td> [[Rudolf Mössbauer]] <td>Germany | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For resonance absorption of γ radiation and discovery of the Mössbauer effect | |||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> 1962 | <td rowspan="1"> 1962 <td> [[Lev Landau]] <td>USSR | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium | <td rowspan="1"> For theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | ||
<td rowspan="3"> 1963 | <td rowspan="3"> 1963 <td> [[Eugene Wigner]] <td>USA | ||
<td rowspan=" | <td rowspan="1"> For theory of atomic nucleus, elementary particles, discovery of symmetry principles | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> <td> [[Maria Goeppert-Mayer]] <td>USA | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <td rowspan="2"> For their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> <td> [[J. Hans D. Jensen]] <td>Germany | |||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | ||
<td rowspan="3"> 1964 | <td rowspan="3"> 1964 <td> [[Charles H. Townes]] <td>USA | ||
<td rowspan="3"> For quantum electronics, oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle | <td rowspan="3"> For quantum electronics, oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td> [[Nicolay G. Basov]] <td>USSR | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td> [[Aleksandr M. Prokhorov]] <td>USSR | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | ||
<td rowspan="3"> 1965 | <td rowspan="3"> 1965 <td> [[Sin-Itiro Tomonaga]] <td>Japan | ||
<td rowspan="3"> For quantum electrodynamics, with consequences for the physics of elementary particles | <td rowspan="3"> For quantum electrodynamics, with consequences for the physics of elementary particles | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> <td> [[Julian Schwinger]] <td>USA | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> <td> [[Richard P. Feynman]] <td>USA | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> 1966 | <td rowspan="1"> 1966 <td> [[Alfred Kastler]] <td>France | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms | <td rowspan="1"> For discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> 1967 | <td rowspan="1"> 1967 <td> [[Hans Bethe]] <td>USA | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars | <td rowspan="1"> For theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> 1968 | <td rowspan="1"> 1968 <td> [[Luis Alvarez]] <td>USA | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For elementary particle physics, discovery of resonance states, hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis | <td rowspan="1"> For elementary particle physics, discovery of resonance states, hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> 1969 | <td rowspan="1"> 1969 <td> [[Murray Gell-Mann]] <td>USA | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions | <td rowspan="1"> For discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | ||
<td rowspan="2"> 1970 | <td rowspan="2"> 1970 <td> [[Hannes Alfvén]] <td>Sweden | ||
<td rowspan=" | <td rowspan="1"> For magnetohydro-dynamics and applications plasma physics | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td> [[Louis Néel]] <td>France | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism, applications in solid state physics | |||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> 1971 | <td rowspan="1"> 1971 <td> [[Dennis Gabor]] <td>UK | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For the holographic method | <td rowspan="1"> For the holographic method | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | ||
<td rowspan="3"> 1972 | <td rowspan="3"> 1972 <td> [[John Bardeen]] <td>USA | ||
<td rowspan="3"> For theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory | <td rowspan="3"> For theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td> [[Leon N. Cooper]] <td>USA | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td> [[Robert Schrieffer]] <td>USA | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | ||
<td rowspan="3"> 1973 | <td rowspan="3"> 1973 <td> [[Leo Esaki]] <td>Japan | ||
<td rowspan=" | <td rowspan="2"> For tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> <td> [[Ivar Giaever]] <td>USA | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> <td> [[Brian D. Josephson]] <td>UK | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, the Josephson effects | |||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | ||
<td rowspan="2"> 1974 | <td rowspan="2"> 1974 <td> [[Martin Ryle]] <td>UK | ||
<td rowspan="2"> For radio astrophysics: Ryle for the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for role in the discovery of pulsars | <td rowspan="2"> For radio astrophysics: Ryle for the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for role in the discovery of pulsars | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td> [[Antony Hewish]] <td>UK | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | ||
<td rowspan="3"> 1975 | <td rowspan="3"> 1975 <td> [[Aage N. Bohr]] <td>Denmark | ||
<td rowspan="3"> For collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus | <td rowspan="3"> For collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> <td> [[Ben R. Mottelson]] <td>Denmark | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> <td> [[James Rainwater]] <td>USA | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | ||
<td rowspan="2"> 1976 | <td rowspan="2"> 1976 <td> [[Burton Richter]] <td>USA | ||
<td rowspan="2"> For work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind | <td rowspan="2"> For work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td> [[Samuel C.C. Ting]] <td>USA | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | ||
<td rowspan="3"> 1977 | <td rowspan="3"> 1977 <td> [[Philip W. Anderson]] <td>USA | ||
<td rowspan="3"> For theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems | <td rowspan="3"> For theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> <td> [[Sir Nevill F. Mott]] <td>UK | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> <td> [[John H. van Vleck]] <td>USA | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | ||
<td rowspan="3"> 1978 | <td rowspan="3"> 1978 <td> [[Pyotr Kapitsa]] <td>USSR | ||
<td rowspan=" | <td rowspan="1"> For discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td> [[Arno Penzias]] <td>USA | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <td rowspan="2"> For discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td> [[Robert Woodrow Wilson]] <td>USA | |||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | ||
<td rowspan="3"> 1979 | <td rowspan="3"> 1979 <td> [[Sheldon Glashow]] <td>USA | ||
<td rowspan="3"> For theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, the prediction of the weak neutral current | <td rowspan="3"> For theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, the prediction of the weak neutral current | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> <td> [[Abdus Salam]] <td>Pakistan | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> <td> [[Steven Weinberg]] <td>USA | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | ||
<td rowspan="2"> 1980 | <td rowspan="2"> 1980 <td> [[James Cronin]] <td>USA | ||
<td rowspan="2"> For discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons | <td rowspan="2"> For discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td> [[Val Fitch]] <td>USA | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | ||
<td rowspan="3"> 1981 | <td rowspan="3"> 1981 <td> [[Nicolaas Bloembergen]] <td>USA | ||
<td rowspan=" | <td rowspan="2"> For laser spectroscopy | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> <td> [[Arthur L. Schawlow]] <td>USA | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> <td> [[Kai M. Siegbahn]] <td>Sweden | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For high-resolution electron spectroscopy | |||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> 1982 | <td rowspan="1"> 1982 <td> [[Kenneth G. Wilson]] <td>USA | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions | <td rowspan="1"> For his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | ||
<td rowspan="2"> 1983 | <td rowspan="2"> 1983 <td> [[Subramanyan Chandrasekhar]] <td>USA | ||
<td rowspan=" | <td rowspan="1"> For physical processes in the structure and evolution of the stars | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> <td> [[William A. Fowler]] <td>USA | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For nuclear reactions in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe | |||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | ||
<td rowspan="2"> 1984 | <td rowspan="2"> 1984 <td> [[Carlo Rubbia]] <td>Italy | ||
<td rowspan="2"> For contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction | <td rowspan="2"> For contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td> [[Simon van der Meer]] <td>Netherlands | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> 1985 | <td rowspan="1"> 1985 <td> [[Klaus von Klitzing]] <td>Germany | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For the discovery of the quantized Hall effect | <td rowspan="1"> For the discovery of the quantized Hall effect | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | ||
<td rowspan="3"> 1986 | <td rowspan="3"> 1986 <td> [[Ernst Ruska]] <td>Germany | ||
<td rowspan=" | <td rowspan="1"> For electron optics, and design of the first electron microscope | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td> [[Gerd Binnig]] <td>Germany | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <td rowspan="2"> For the scanning tunneling microscope | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td> [[Heinrich Rohrer]] <td>Switzerland | |||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | ||
<td rowspan="2"> 1987 | <td rowspan="2"> 1987 <td> [[J. Georg Bednorz]] <td>Germany | ||
<td rowspan="2"> For break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials | <td rowspan="2"> For break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> <td> [[K. Alex Müller]] <td>Switzerland | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | ||
<td rowspan="3"> 1988 | <td rowspan="3"> 1988 <td> [[Leon M. Lederman]] <td>USA | ||
<td rowspan="3"> For neutrino beam method, the doublet structure of the leptons, and the discovery of the muon neutrino | <td rowspan="3"> For neutrino beam method, the doublet structure of the leptons, and the discovery of the muon neutrino | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td> [[Melvin Schwartz]] <td>USA | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td> [[Jack Steinberger]] <td>USA | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | ||
<td rowspan="3"> 1989 | <td rowspan="3"> 1989 <td> [[Norman F. Ramsey]] <td>USA | ||
<td rowspan=" | <td rowspan="1"> For separated oscillatory fields method, the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> <td> [[Hans G. Dehmelt]] <td>USA | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <td rowspan="2"> For ion trap technique | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> <td> [[Wolfgang Paul]] <td>Germany | |||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | ||
<td rowspan="3"> 1990 | <td rowspan="3"> 1990 <td> [[Jerome I. Friedman]] <td>USA | ||
<td rowspan="3"> For deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, the quark model in particle physics | <td rowspan="3"> For deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, the quark model in particle physics | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td> [[Henry W. Kendall]] <td>USA | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td> [[Richard E. Taylor]] <td>Canada | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> 1991 | <td rowspan="1"> 1991 <td> [[Pierre-Gilles de Gennes]] <td>France | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For generalization of methods for simple systems to more complex forms of matter, to liquid crystals and polymers | <td rowspan="1"> For generalization of methods for simple systems to more complex forms of matter, to liquid crystals and polymers | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | ||
<td rowspan="1"> 1992 | <td rowspan="1"> 1992 <td> [[Georges Charpak]] <td>France | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber | <td rowspan="1"> For particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | ||
<td rowspan="2"> 1993 | <td rowspan="2"> 1993 <td> [[Russell A. Hulse]] <td>USA | ||
<td rowspan="2"> For the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation | <td rowspan="2"> For the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> <td> [[Joseph H. Taylor Jr.]] <td>USA | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | ||
<td rowspan="2"> 1994 | <td rowspan="2"> 1994 <td> [[Bertram N. Brockhouse]] <td>Canada | ||
<td rowspan=" | <td rowspan="1"> For neutron spectroscopy | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td> [[Clifford G. Shull]] <td>USA | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For neutron diffraction technique | |||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | ||
<td rowspan="2"> 1995 | <td rowspan="2"> 1995 <td> [[Martin L. Perl]] <td>USA | ||
<td rowspan=" | <td rowspan="1"> For the discovery of the tau lepton | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> <td> [[Frederick Reines]] <td>USA | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For detection of the neutrino | |||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | ||
<td rowspan="3"> 1996 | <td rowspan="3"> 1996 <td> [[David M. Lee]] <td>USA | ||
<td rowspan="3"> For discovery of superfluidity in helium-3 | <td rowspan="3"> For discovery of superfluidity in helium-3 | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td> [[Douglas D. Osheroff]] <td>USA | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td> [[Robert C. Richardson]] <td>USA | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | ||
<td rowspan="3"> 1997 | <td rowspan="3"> 1997 <td> [[Steven Chu]] <td>USA | ||
<td rowspan="3"> For methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light | <td rowspan="3"> For methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> <td> [[Claude Cohen-Tannoudji]] <td>France | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> <td> [[William D. Phillips]] <td>USA | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | ||
<td rowspan="3"> 1998 | <td rowspan="3"> 1998 <td> [[Robert B. Laughlin]] <td>USA | ||
<td rowspan="3"> For discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations | <td rowspan="3"> For discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td> [[Horst L. Störmer]] <td>Germany | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td> [[Daniel C. Tsui]] <td>USA | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | ||
<td rowspan="2"> 1999 | <td rowspan="2"> 1999 <td> [[Gerardus 't Hooft]] <td>Netherlands | ||
<td rowspan="2"> For elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics | <td rowspan="2"> For elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> <td> [[Martinus J.G. Veltman]] <td>Netherlands | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | ||
<td rowspan="3"> 2000 | <td rowspan="3"> 2000 <td> [[Zhores I. Alferov]] <td>Russia | ||
<td rowspan=" | <td rowspan="2"> For work on ICT, semiconductor heterostructures opto-electronics | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td> [[Herbert Kroemer]] <td>Germany | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td> [[Jack S. Kilby]] <td>USA | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For work on ICT, for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit | |||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | ||
<td rowspan="3"> 2001 | <td rowspan="3"> 2001 <td> [[Eric A. Cornell]] <td>USA | ||
<td rowspan="3"> For Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates | <td rowspan="3"> For Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> <td> [[Wolfgang Ketterle]] <td>Germany | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> <td> [[Carl E. Wieman]] <td>USA | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | ||
<td rowspan="3"> 2002 | <td rowspan="3"> 2002 <td> [[Raymond Davis Jr.]] <td>USA | ||
<td rowspan=" | <td rowspan="2"> For astrophysics, the detection of cosmic neutrinos | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td> [[Masatoshi Koshiba]] <td>Japan | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td> [[Riccardo Giacconi]] <td>USA | ||
<td rowspan="1"> For astrophysics, the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources | |||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | ||
<td rowspan="3"> 2003 | <td rowspan="3"> 2003 <td> [[Alexei A. Abrikosov]] <td>USA+Russia | ||
<td rowspan="3"> For theory of superconductors and superfluids | <td rowspan="3"> For theory of superconductors and superfluids | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> <td> [[Vitaly L. Ginzburg]] <td>Russia | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> <td> [[Anthony J. Leggett]] <td>UK+USA | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | ||
<td rowspan="3"> 2004 | <td rowspan="3"> 2004 <td> [[David J. Gross]] <td>USA | ||
<td rowspan="3"> For discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction | <td rowspan="3"> For discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td> [[H. David Politzer]] <td>USA | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td> [[Frank Wilczek]] <td>USA | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | ||
<td rowspan="3"> 2005 | <td rowspan="3"> 2005 <td> [[Roy J. Glauber]] <td>USA | ||
<td rowspan=" | <td rowspan="1"> For quantum theory of optical coherence | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> <td> [[John L. Hall]] <td>USA | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <td rowspan="2"> For laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> <td> [[Theodor W. Hänsch]] <td>Germany | |||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | ||
<td rowspan="2"> 2006 | <td rowspan="2"> 2006 <td> [[John C. Mather]] <td>USA | ||
<td rowspan="2"> For discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation | <td rowspan="2"> For discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td> [[George F. Smoot]] <td>USA | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | ||
<td rowspan="2"> 2007 | <td rowspan="2"> 2007 <td> [[Albert Fert]] <td>France | ||
<td rowspan="2"> For the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance | <td rowspan="2"> For the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> <td> [[Peter Grünberg]] <td>Germany | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | ||
<td rowspan="3"> 2008 | <td rowspan="3"> 2008 <td> [[Yoichiro Nambu]] <td>Japan | ||
<td rowspan=" | <td rowspan="1"> For mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td> [[Makoto Kobayashi]] <td>Japan | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> | <td rowspan="2"> For origin of the broken symmetry, existence of at least three families of quarks | ||
<tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td> [[Toshihide Maskawa]] <td>Japan | |||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | ||
<td rowspan="3"> 2009 | <td rowspan="3"> 2009 <td> [[Charles K. Kao]] <td>China+UK | ||
<td rowspan=" | <td rowspan="1"> For transmission of light in fibers for optical communication | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <tr bgcolor="#dedede"> <td> [[Willard S. Boyle]] <td>USA | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> | <td rowspan="2"> For invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor | ||
<tr bgcolor="#dedede"> <td> [[George E. Smith]] <td>USA | |||
</table> | </table> | ||
:''Source: [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/ Nobelprize.org]'' | |||
Revision as of 03:33, 11 December 2009
| Year | Laureate | Country | Reasons |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1901 | Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen | Germany | For the discovery of X-rays |
| 1902 | Hendrik A. Lorentz | Netherlands | For the discovery of influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena |
| Pieter Zeeman | Netherlands | ||
| 1903 | Henri Becquerel | France | For researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel |
| Pierre Curie | France | ||
| Marie Curie | France | ||
| 1904 | Lord Rayleigh | UK | For investigations of the densities of gases and for discovery of argon |
| 1905 | Philipp Lenard | Germany | For his work on cathode rays |
| 1906 | J.J. Thomson | UK | For work on the conduction of electricity by gases |
| 1907 | Albert A. Michelson | USA | For optical precision instruments and spectroscopic and metrological investigations |
| 1908 | Gabriel Lippmann | France | For method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference |
| 1909 | Guglielmo Marconi | Italy | For the development of wireless telegraphy |
| Ferdinand Braun | Germany | ||
| 1910 | Johannes Diderik van der Waals | Netherlands | For work on the equation of state for gases and liquids |
| 1911 | Wilhelm Wien | Germany | For discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat |
| 1912 | Gustaf Dalén | Sweden | For automatic regulators for use in conjunction with gas accumulators for illuminating lighthouses and buoys |
| 1913 | Heike Kamerlingh Onnes | Netherlands | For investigations of matter at low temperatures which led to the production of liquid helium |
| 1914 | Max von Laue | Germany | For discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals |
| 1915 | William Bragg | UK | For their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays |
| Lawrence Bragg | UK | ||
| 1916 | No award | – | |
| 1917 | Charles Glover Barkla | UK | For discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements |
| 1918 | Max Planck | Germany | For the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta |
| 1919 | Johannes Stark | Germany | For discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields |
| 1920 | Charles Edouard Guillaume | Switzerland | For precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys |
| 1921 | Albert Einstein | Germ.+Switz. | For services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect |
| 1922 | Niels Bohr | Denmark | For investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them |
| 1923 | Robert A. Millikan | USA | For work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect |
| 1924 | Manne Siegbahn | Sweden | For discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy |
| 1925 | James Franck | Germany | For discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom |
| Gustav Hertz | Germany | ||
| 1926 | Jean Baptiste Perrin | France | For work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for discovery of sedimentation equilibrium |
| 1927 | Arthur H. Compton | USA | For discovery of Compton scattering |
| Charles T.R. Wilson | UK | For paths of charged particles made visible by condensation of vapour | |
| 1928 | Owen Willans Richardson | UK | For work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of Richardson's law |
| 1929 | Louis de Broglie | France | For his discovery of the wave nature of electrons |
| 1930 | Sir Venkata Raman | India | For his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the Raman effect |
| 1931 | No award | – | |
| 1932 | Werner Heisenberg | Germany | For the creation of quantum mechanics |
| 1933 | Erwin Schrödinger | Austria | For the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory |
| Paul A.M. Dirac | UK | ||
| 1934 | No award | – | |
| 1935 | James Chadwick | UK | For the discovery of the neutron |
| 1936 | Victor F. Hess | Austria | For discovery of cosmic radiation |
| Carl D. Anderson | USA | For discovery of the positron | |
| 1937 | Clinton Davisson | USA | For experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals |
| George Paget Thomson | UK | ||
| 1938 | Enrico Fermi | Italy | For new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and nuclear reactions |
| 1939 | Ernest Lawrence | USA | For the cyclotron and artificial radioactive elements |
| 1940 | No award | – | |
| 1941 | No award | – | |
| 1942 | No award | – | |
| 1943 | Otto Stern | USA | For molecular ray method and discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton |
| 1944 | Isidor Isaac Rabi | USA | For resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei |
| 1945 | Wolfgang Pauli | Austria | For the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle |
| 1946 | Percy W. Bridgman | USA | For apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and discoveries in the field of high pressure physics |
| 1947 | Edward V. Appleton | UK | For physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the Appleton layer |
| 1948 | Patrick M.S. Blackett | UK | For development of the Wilson cloud chamber and discoveries in nuclear physics and cosmic radiation |
| 1949 | Hideki Yukawa | Japan | For prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces |
| 1950 | Cecil Powell | UK | For development of photographic method of studying nuclear processes and discoveries regarding mesons |
| 1951 | John Cockcroft | UK | For their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles |
| Ernest T.S. Walton | Ireland | ||
| 1952 | Felix Bloch | USA | For development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements |
| E. M. Purcell | USA | ||
| 1953 | Frits Zernike | Netherlands | For phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope |
| 1954 | Max Born | UK | For research in quantum mechanics, for statistical interpretation of wavefunction |
| Walther Bothe | Germany | For the coincidence method | |
| 1955 | Willis E. Lamb | USA | For the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum |
| Polykarp Kusch | USA | For the magnetic moment of the electron | |
| 1956 | William B. Shockley | USA | For semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect |
| John Bardeen | USA | ||
| Walter H. Brattain | USA | ||
| 1957 | Chen Ning Yang | China | For parity laws in elementary particle physics |
| Tsung-Dao Lee | China | ||
| 1958 | Pavel A. Cherenkov | USSR | For discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect |
| Il'ja M. Frank | USSR | ||
| Igor Y. Tamm | USSR | ||
| 1959 | Emilio Segrè | USA | For their discovery of the antiproton |
| Owen Chamberlain | USA | ||
| 1960 | Donald A. Glaser | USA | For the invention of the bubble chamber |
| 1961 | Robert Hofstadter | USA | For electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for the structure of the nucleons |
| Rudolf Mössbauer | Germany | For resonance absorption of γ radiation and discovery of the Mössbauer effect | |
| 1962 | Lev Landau | USSR | For theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium |
| 1963 | Eugene Wigner | USA | For theory of atomic nucleus, elementary particles, discovery of symmetry principles |
| Maria Goeppert-Mayer | USA | For their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure | |
| J. Hans D. Jensen | Germany | ||
| 1964 | Charles H. Townes | USA | For quantum electronics, oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle |
| Nicolay G. Basov | USSR | ||
| Aleksandr M. Prokhorov | USSR | ||
| 1965 | Sin-Itiro Tomonaga | Japan | For quantum electrodynamics, with consequences for the physics of elementary particles |
| Julian Schwinger | USA | ||
| Richard P. Feynman | USA | ||
| 1966 | Alfred Kastler | France | For discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms |
| 1967 | Hans Bethe | USA | For theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars |
| 1968 | Luis Alvarez | USA | For elementary particle physics, discovery of resonance states, hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis |
| 1969 | Murray Gell-Mann | USA | For discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions |
| 1970 | Hannes Alfvén | Sweden | For magnetohydro-dynamics and applications plasma physics |
| Louis Néel | France | For antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism, applications in solid state physics | |
| 1971 | Dennis Gabor | UK | For the holographic method |
| 1972 | John Bardeen | USA | For theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory |
| Leon N. Cooper | USA | ||
| Robert Schrieffer | USA | ||
| 1973 | Leo Esaki | Japan | For tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors |
| Ivar Giaever | USA | ||
| Brian D. Josephson | UK | For predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, the Josephson effects | |
| 1974 | Martin Ryle | UK | For radio astrophysics: Ryle for the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for role in the discovery of pulsars |
| Antony Hewish | UK | ||
| 1975 | Aage N. Bohr | Denmark | For collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus |
| Ben R. Mottelson | Denmark | ||
| James Rainwater | USA | ||
| 1976 | Burton Richter | USA | For work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind |
| Samuel C.C. Ting | USA | ||
| 1977 | Philip W. Anderson | USA | For theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems |
| Sir Nevill F. Mott | UK | ||
| John H. van Vleck | USA | ||
| 1978 | Pyotr Kapitsa | USSR | For discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics |
| Arno Penzias | USA | For discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation | |
| Robert Woodrow Wilson | USA | ||
| 1979 | Sheldon Glashow | USA | For theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, the prediction of the weak neutral current |
| Abdus Salam | Pakistan | ||
| Steven Weinberg | USA | ||
| 1980 | James Cronin | USA | For discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons |
| Val Fitch | USA | ||
| 1981 | Nicolaas Bloembergen | USA | For laser spectroscopy |
| Arthur L. Schawlow | USA | ||
| Kai M. Siegbahn | Sweden | For high-resolution electron spectroscopy | |
| 1982 | Kenneth G. Wilson | USA | For his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions |
| 1983 | Subramanyan Chandrasekhar | USA | For physical processes in the structure and evolution of the stars |
| William A. Fowler | USA | For nuclear reactions in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe | |
| 1984 | Carlo Rubbia | Italy | For contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction |
| Simon van der Meer | Netherlands | ||
| 1985 | Klaus von Klitzing | Germany | For the discovery of the quantized Hall effect |
| 1986 | Ernst Ruska | Germany | For electron optics, and design of the first electron microscope |
| Gerd Binnig | Germany | For the scanning tunneling microscope | |
| Heinrich Rohrer | Switzerland | ||
| 1987 | J. Georg Bednorz | Germany | For break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials |
| K. Alex Müller | Switzerland | ||
| 1988 | Leon M. Lederman | USA | For neutrino beam method, the doublet structure of the leptons, and the discovery of the muon neutrino |
| Melvin Schwartz | USA | ||
| Jack Steinberger | USA | ||
| 1989 | Norman F. Ramsey | USA | For separated oscillatory fields method, the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks |
| Hans G. Dehmelt | USA | For ion trap technique | |
| Wolfgang Paul | Germany | ||
| 1990 | Jerome I. Friedman | USA | For deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, the quark model in particle physics |
| Henry W. Kendall | USA | ||
| Richard E. Taylor | Canada | ||
| 1991 | Pierre-Gilles de Gennes | France | For generalization of methods for simple systems to more complex forms of matter, to liquid crystals and polymers |
| 1992 | Georges Charpak | France | For particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber |
| 1993 | Russell A. Hulse | USA | For the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation |
| Joseph H. Taylor Jr. | USA | ||
| 1994 | Bertram N. Brockhouse | Canada | For neutron spectroscopy |
| Clifford G. Shull | USA | For neutron diffraction technique | |
| 1995 | Martin L. Perl | USA | For the discovery of the tau lepton |
| Frederick Reines | USA | For detection of the neutrino | |
| 1996 | David M. Lee | USA | For discovery of superfluidity in helium-3 |
| Douglas D. Osheroff | USA | ||
| Robert C. Richardson | USA | ||
| 1997 | Steven Chu | USA | For methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light |
| Claude Cohen-Tannoudji | France | ||
| William D. Phillips | USA | ||
| 1998 | Robert B. Laughlin | USA | For discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations |
| Horst L. Störmer | Germany | ||
| Daniel C. Tsui | USA | ||
| 1999 | Gerardus 't Hooft | Netherlands | For elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics |
| Martinus J.G. Veltman | Netherlands | ||
| 2000 | Zhores I. Alferov | Russia | For work on ICT, semiconductor heterostructures opto-electronics |
| Herbert Kroemer | Germany | ||
| Jack S. Kilby | USA | For work on ICT, for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit | |
| 2001 | Eric A. Cornell | USA | For Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates |
| Wolfgang Ketterle | Germany | ||
| Carl E. Wieman | USA | ||
| 2002 | Raymond Davis Jr. | USA | For astrophysics, the detection of cosmic neutrinos |
| Masatoshi Koshiba | Japan | ||
| Riccardo Giacconi | USA | For astrophysics, the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources | |
| 2003 | Alexei A. Abrikosov | USA+Russia | For theory of superconductors and superfluids |
| Vitaly L. Ginzburg | Russia | ||
| Anthony J. Leggett | UK+USA | ||
| 2004 | David J. Gross | USA | For discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction |
| H. David Politzer | USA | ||
| Frank Wilczek | USA | ||
| 2005 | Roy J. Glauber | USA | For quantum theory of optical coherence |
| John L. Hall | USA | For laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique | |
| Theodor W. Hänsch | Germany | ||
| 2006 | John C. Mather | USA | For discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation |
| George F. Smoot | USA | ||
| 2007 | Albert Fert | France | For the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance |
| Peter Grünberg | Germany | ||
| 2008 | Yoichiro Nambu | Japan | For mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics |
| Makoto Kobayashi | Japan | For origin of the broken symmetry, existence of at least three families of quarks | |
| Toshihide Maskawa | Japan | ||
| 2009 | Charles K. Kao | China+UK | For transmission of light in fibers for optical communication |
| Willard S. Boyle | USA | For invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor | |
| George E. Smith | USA |
- Source: Nobelprize.org