Erectile dysfunction: Difference between revisions
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{{Image|CGMP.jpg|left|150px|'''cGMP'''}} | {{Image|CGMP.jpg|left|150px|'''cGMP'''}} | ||
{{Image|Sildenafil3.jpg|right|150px|'''sildenafil'''}} | {{Image|Sildenafil3.jpg|right|150px|'''sildenafil'''}} | ||
[[Sildenafil]] (Viagra®), [[vardenafil]] (Levitra®) and [[tadalafil]] (Cialis®), may treat ED<ref name="pmid16354303">{{cite journal |author=Moore RA, Derry S, McQuay HJ |title=Indirect comparison of interventions using published randomised trials: systematic review of PDE-5 inhibitors for erectile dysfunction |journal=BMC Urol |volume=5 |issue= |pages=18 |year=2005 |pmid=16354303 |pmc=1343572 |doi=10.1186/1471-2490-5-18 |url=http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2490/5/18 |issn=}}</ref> and as well as [[pulmonary hypertensive]], are selective [[phosphodiesterase]] type 5 ([[PDE-5]]) inhibitors that bind selectively to PDE-5 and inhibit the binding and subsequent degradation of [[cyclic GMP]] (cGMP). Normally, erection results from increased cGMP levels produced by guanylate cyclase, which in turn is upregulated by [[nitric oxide]] release after stimulation. By decreasing the degradation of cGMP by PDE-5 enzymes increases the levels of cGMP in the [[corpus cavernosum]] and its supply vessels, relaxes the smooth muscle, and enables an erection. Viagra (sildenafil) was the first blockbuster drug for ED treatment in this class, although vardenafil is more potent in vitro. Both sildenafil and vardenafil have structural similarity to cGMP (and the unselective PDE inhibitor [[caffeine]]), with which they compete for binding of PDE-5 enzymes. Tadalafil is significantly different in structure but is thought to act by the same mechanism. | [[Sildenafil]] (Viagra®), [[vardenafil]] (Levitra®) and [[tadalafil]] (Cialis®), may treat ED<ref name="pmid16354303">{{cite journal |author=Moore RA, Derry S, McQuay HJ |title=Indirect comparison of interventions using published randomised trials: systematic review of PDE-5 inhibitors for erectile dysfunction |journal=BMC Urol |volume=5 |issue= |pages=18 |year=2005 |pmid=16354303 |pmc=1343572 |doi=10.1186/1471-2490-5-18 |url=http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2490/5/18 |issn=}}</ref> and as well as [[pulmonary hypertensive]], are selective [[phosphodiesterase]] type 5 ([[PDE-5]]) inhibitors that bind selectively to PDE-5 and inhibit the binding and subsequent degradation of [[cyclic GMP]] (cGMP). Normally, erection results from increased cGMP levels produced by guanylate cyclase, which in turn is upregulated by [[nitric oxide]] release after stimulation. By decreasing the degradation of cGMP by PDE-5 enzymes increases the levels of cGMP in the [[corpus cavernosum]] and its supply vessels, relaxes the smooth muscle, and enables an erection. Viagra (sildenafil) was the first blockbuster drug for ED treatment in this class, although vardenafil is more potent in vitro. Both sildenafil and vardenafil have structural similarity to cGMP (and the unselective PDE inhibitor [[caffeine]]), with which they compete for binding of PDE-5 enzymes. Tadalafil is significantly different in structure but is thought to act by the same mechanism. | ||
Tadalafil and vardenafil<ref name="pmid18395326">{{cite journal| author=Zumbé J, Porst H, Sommer F, Grohmann W, Beneke M, Ulbrich E| title=Comparable efficacy of once-daily versus on-demand vardenafil in men with mild-to-moderate erectile dysfunction: findings of the RESTORE study. | journal=Eur Urol | year= 2008 | volume= 54 | issue= 1 | pages= 204-10 | pmid=18395326 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18395326 | doi=10.1016/j.eururo.2008.03.056 }} </ref> can be taken once a day although this schedule is approved by the Food and Drug Administration only for tadalafil. | |||
83% of men who used [[sildenafil]] had at least one episode of intercourse as compared to 45% who received placebo according to a [[systematic review]] of [[randomized controlled trial]]s of using [[sildenafil]].<ref name="pmid12076233">{{cite journal |author=Fink HA, Mac Donald R, Rutks IR, Nelson DB, Wilt TJ |title=Sildenafil for male erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=162 |issue=12 |pages=1349–60 |year=2002 |month=June |pmid=12076233 |doi= |url=http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12076233 |issn=}}</ref> Few randomized controlled trials have compared the different phosphodiesterase inhibitors.<ref name="pmid14693299">{{cite journal |author=Govier F, Potempa AJ, Kaufman J, Denne J, Kovalenko P, Ahuja S |title=A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, crossover study of patient preference for tadalafil 20 mg or sildenafil citrate 50 mg during initiation of treatment for erectile dysfunction |journal=Clin Ther |volume=25 |issue=11 |pages=2709–23 |year=2003 |month=November |pmid=14693299 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0149291803803284 |issn=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17100937">{{cite journal |author=Rubio-Aurioles E, Porst H, Eardley I, Goldstein I |title=Comparing vardenafil and sildenafil in the treatment of men with erectile dysfunction and risk factors for cardiovascular disease: a randomized, double-blind, pooled crossover study |journal=J Sex Med |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=1037–49 |year=2006 |month=November |pmid=17100937 |doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2006.00310.x |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2006.00310.x |issn=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16942534">{{cite journal |author=Tolrà JR, Campaña JM, Ciutat LF, Miranda EF |title=Prospective, randomized, open-label, fixed-dose, crossover study to establish preference of patients with erectile dysfunction after taking the three PDE-5 inhibitors |journal=J Sex Med |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=901–9 |year=2006 |month=September |pmid=16942534 |doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2006.00297.x |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2006.00297.x |issn=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17084518">{{cite journal |author=Martin-Morales A, Haro JM, Beardsworth A, Bertsch J, Kontodimas S |title=Therapeutic effectiveness and patient satisfaction after 6 months of treatment with tadalafil, sildenafil, and vardenafil: results from the erectile dysfunction observational study (EDOS) |journal=Eur. Urol. |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=541–50; discussion 550 |year=2007 |month=February |pmid=17084518 |doi=10.1016/j.eururo.2006.09.027 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0302-2838(06)01131-6 |issn=}}</ref> | 83% of men who used [[sildenafil]] had at least one episode of intercourse as compared to 45% who received placebo according to a [[systematic review]] of [[randomized controlled trial]]s of using [[sildenafil]].<ref name="pmid12076233">{{cite journal |author=Fink HA, Mac Donald R, Rutks IR, Nelson DB, Wilt TJ |title=Sildenafil for male erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=162 |issue=12 |pages=1349–60 |year=2002 |month=June |pmid=12076233 |doi= |url=http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12076233 |issn=}}</ref> Few randomized controlled trials have compared the different phosphodiesterase inhibitors.<ref name="pmid14693299">{{cite journal |author=Govier F, Potempa AJ, Kaufman J, Denne J, Kovalenko P, Ahuja S |title=A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, crossover study of patient preference for tadalafil 20 mg or sildenafil citrate 50 mg during initiation of treatment for erectile dysfunction |journal=Clin Ther |volume=25 |issue=11 |pages=2709–23 |year=2003 |month=November |pmid=14693299 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0149291803803284 |issn=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17100937">{{cite journal |author=Rubio-Aurioles E, Porst H, Eardley I, Goldstein I |title=Comparing vardenafil and sildenafil in the treatment of men with erectile dysfunction and risk factors for cardiovascular disease: a randomized, double-blind, pooled crossover study |journal=J Sex Med |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=1037–49 |year=2006 |month=November |pmid=17100937 |doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2006.00310.x |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2006.00310.x |issn=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16942534">{{cite journal |author=Tolrà JR, Campaña JM, Ciutat LF, Miranda EF |title=Prospective, randomized, open-label, fixed-dose, crossover study to establish preference of patients with erectile dysfunction after taking the three PDE-5 inhibitors |journal=J Sex Med |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=901–9 |year=2006 |month=September |pmid=16942534 |doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2006.00297.x |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2006.00297.x |issn=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17084518">{{cite journal |author=Martin-Morales A, Haro JM, Beardsworth A, Bertsch J, Kontodimas S |title=Therapeutic effectiveness and patient satisfaction after 6 months of treatment with tadalafil, sildenafil, and vardenafil: results from the erectile dysfunction observational study (EDOS) |journal=Eur. Urol. |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=541–50; discussion 550 |year=2007 |month=February |pmid=17084518 |doi=10.1016/j.eururo.2006.09.027 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0302-2838(06)01131-6 |issn=}}</ref> | ||
Revision as of 22:14, 15 July 2010
Erectile dysfunction is a condition in which a male cannot obtain or maintain an erect penis.[1][2] It can result from several medical conditions, including diabetes, radical prostatectomy, vascular insufficiency, nerve damage, or insufficient cyclic guanine monophosphate (cGMP) levels.
Diagnosis
Treatment
Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors
Sildenafil (Viagra®), vardenafil (Levitra®) and tadalafil (Cialis®), may treat ED[3] and as well as pulmonary hypertensive, are selective phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) inhibitors that bind selectively to PDE-5 and inhibit the binding and subsequent degradation of cyclic GMP (cGMP). Normally, erection results from increased cGMP levels produced by guanylate cyclase, which in turn is upregulated by nitric oxide release after stimulation. By decreasing the degradation of cGMP by PDE-5 enzymes increases the levels of cGMP in the corpus cavernosum and its supply vessels, relaxes the smooth muscle, and enables an erection. Viagra (sildenafil) was the first blockbuster drug for ED treatment in this class, although vardenafil is more potent in vitro. Both sildenafil and vardenafil have structural similarity to cGMP (and the unselective PDE inhibitor caffeine), with which they compete for binding of PDE-5 enzymes. Tadalafil is significantly different in structure but is thought to act by the same mechanism.
Tadalafil and vardenafil[4] can be taken once a day although this schedule is approved by the Food and Drug Administration only for tadalafil.
83% of men who used sildenafil had at least one episode of intercourse as compared to 45% who received placebo according to a systematic review of randomized controlled trials of using sildenafil.[5] Few randomized controlled trials have compared the different phosphodiesterase inhibitors.[6][7][8][9]
References
- ↑ Corbin JD, Francis SH (2003). "Molecular biology and pharmacology of PDE-5-inhibitor therapy for erectile dysfunction". J. Androl. 24 (6 Suppl): S38–41. PMID 14581493. [e]
- ↑ McVary KT (December 2007). "Clinical practice. Erectile dysfunction". N. Engl. J. Med. 357 (24): 2472–81. DOI:10.1056/NEJMcp067261. PMID 18077811. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Moore RA, Derry S, McQuay HJ (2005). "Indirect comparison of interventions using published randomised trials: systematic review of PDE-5 inhibitors for erectile dysfunction". BMC Urol 5: 18. DOI:10.1186/1471-2490-5-18. PMID 16354303. PMC 1343572. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Zumbé J, Porst H, Sommer F, Grohmann W, Beneke M, Ulbrich E (2008). "Comparable efficacy of once-daily versus on-demand vardenafil in men with mild-to-moderate erectile dysfunction: findings of the RESTORE study.". Eur Urol 54 (1): 204-10. DOI:10.1016/j.eururo.2008.03.056. PMID 18395326. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Fink HA, Mac Donald R, Rutks IR, Nelson DB, Wilt TJ (June 2002). "Sildenafil for male erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Arch. Intern. Med. 162 (12): 1349–60. PMID 12076233. [e]
- ↑ Govier F, Potempa AJ, Kaufman J, Denne J, Kovalenko P, Ahuja S (November 2003). "A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, crossover study of patient preference for tadalafil 20 mg or sildenafil citrate 50 mg during initiation of treatment for erectile dysfunction". Clin Ther 25 (11): 2709–23. PMID 14693299. [e]
- ↑ Rubio-Aurioles E, Porst H, Eardley I, Goldstein I (November 2006). "Comparing vardenafil and sildenafil in the treatment of men with erectile dysfunction and risk factors for cardiovascular disease: a randomized, double-blind, pooled crossover study". J Sex Med 3 (6): 1037–49. DOI:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2006.00310.x. PMID 17100937. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Tolrà JR, Campaña JM, Ciutat LF, Miranda EF (September 2006). "Prospective, randomized, open-label, fixed-dose, crossover study to establish preference of patients with erectile dysfunction after taking the three PDE-5 inhibitors". J Sex Med 3 (5): 901–9. DOI:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2006.00297.x. PMID 16942534. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Martin-Morales A, Haro JM, Beardsworth A, Bertsch J, Kontodimas S (February 2007). "Therapeutic effectiveness and patient satisfaction after 6 months of treatment with tadalafil, sildenafil, and vardenafil: results from the erectile dysfunction observational study (EDOS)". Eur. Urol. 51 (2): 541–50; discussion 550. DOI:10.1016/j.eururo.2006.09.027. PMID 17084518. Research Blogging.