Capital punishment

Capital punishment or the death penalty is the judicial execution of a person for an offense. Typically, this is done only for the most serious offenses such as murder. The number of countries imposing the death penalty has dropped significantly, with civil liberties and human rights treaties including the European Convention on Human Rights forbidding the use of the death penalty across all member states of the European Union, while other countries including the United States, Japan, China, Saudi Arabia and others still retaining the use of the death penalty. Inside the United States, the federal government and 36 states permit the death penalty, with the State of Texas being a notable example for the large number of executions it commits.

In the United States, the method of execution is primarily that of lethal injection, which is widely seen as a more humane alternative to the use of the electric chair, the gas chamber and hanging. In other countries around the world, other methods are used including stoning and the firing squad. Less common methods include the use of the guillotine, crucifixion, starvation, drawing and quartering and the ducking stool.

Supporters of the death penalty argue that it is effective in deterring criminals, and so that the families of victims can get a feeling of closure. Many draw from the Biblical principle of an eye for an eye, and some argue that it is fairer on the public purse to kill a murderer than pay for his imprisonment for the rest of his life. Some also argue that the death penalty is the best guarantee of public safety, since a convicted murderer can never be given parole or escape from prison.

Opponents of the death penalty point towards scientific evidence demonstrating that the death penalty does not have a deterrent effect, noting that murder is usually committed without thought as to the consequences. Many point to the fact that countries like the United Kingdom which have abolished the death penalty did not see a long term change in the murder rate after abolition. Opponents also argue that the principle of retributive justice is barbaric, and point to the opposition by a large number of religious groups. Many death penalty abolitionists and opponents also argue that death penalty systems are often racist, executing many more minority prisoners. They also point to the accidental executions of innocents - arguing that no system of capital punishment can guarantee that innocent people will never be put to death. In support of this, they point to numerous executed prisoners who have since been pardoned through the use of DNA evidence and through posthumous appeal (eg. Derek Bentley).