DNA/Timelines: Difference between revisions
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{{tlevent|event='''1900''': [[Karl Correns]], [[Hugo de Vries]] and [[Erich von Tschermak]] independently rediscover Mendel's laws. | {{tlevent | ||
|event='''1900''': [[Karl Correns]], [[Hugo de Vries]] and [[Erich von Tschermak]] independently rediscover Mendel's laws. | |||
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{{tlevent | {{tlevent | ||
|event='''1928''': [[Frederick Griffith]] demonstrates a "transforming factor" that can transmit the ability of [[bacteria]] to cause [[pneumonia]] in mice. | |event='''1928''': [[Frederick Griffith]] demonstrates a "transforming factor" that can transmit the ability of [[bacteria]] to cause [[pneumonia]] in mice. | ||
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{{tlevent | |||
|event='''1929''': [[Phoebus Levene]] describes building blocks of DNA, including four types of base A,C, T, and G. | |||
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{{tlevent | |||
|event='''1931''': [[Harriet Creighton]] and [[Barbara McClintock]] Demonstrated the cytological proof for crossing-over in [[maize]]. | |||
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{{tlevent | |||
|event='''1941''': [[George Beadle]] and [[Edward Tatum]] prove that a gene can produce its effect by regulating particular enzymes. | |||
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}} | |||
{{tlevent | |||
|event='''1944''': [[Oswald Avery]], [[Colin MacLeod]], and [[Maclyn McCarty]] purified the transforming factor proposed in Griffith's experiment and show it is not protein, but DNA. | |||
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{{tlevent | |||
|event='''Late 1940s''': Barbara McClintock developed the hypothesis of [[transposable element]]s. | |||
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{{tlevent | |||
|event='''1950''': | |||
*[[Alfred Hershey]] and [[Martha Chase]] use [[bacteriophage]] to confirm DNA is the molecule of heredity. | |||
*[[Erwin Chargaff]] discovered a one-to-one ratio of A:T and G:C in DNA samples from a variety of organisms. | |||
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{{tlevent | |||
|event='''1951''': [[Rosalind Franklin]] created a high quality [[X-ray diffraction]] photograph to reveal more detail of the repeating structure of DNA. | |||
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}} | |||
{{tlevent | |||
|event='''1953''': [[Francis Crick]] and [[James Watson]] deduce the three-dimensional structure of the DNA molecule using a combination of experimental data and model building. | |||
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{{tlevent | |||
|event='''1958''' | |||
*[[Arthur Kornberg]] purified a [[DNA polymerase]] from bacteria, and used it to synthesis DNA in a test tube. | |||
*[[Matthew Meselson]] and [[Franklin Stahl]] demonstrated that DNA replicates by a semi-conservative mechanism. | |||
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}} | |||
{{tlevent | |||
|event='''1966''': [[Marshall Nirenberg]] and [[Gobind Khorana]] crack the [[genetic code]] linking the DNA sequence of nucleotides to the protein sequence of amino acid residues. | |||
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}} | |||
{{tlevent | |||
|event='''1967''': Discovery of [[DNA ligase]]. | |||
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}} | |||
{{tlevent | |||
|event='''1969''': FISH | |||
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}} | |||
{{tlevent | |||
|event='''1970''': | |||
*[[Howard Temin]] discovered the of activity of [[reverse transcriptase]]. | |||
*[[Hamilton Smith]] and [[Kent Wilcox]] isolated the first [[restriction enzyme]], HindII, that cuts DNA at a very specific nucleotide sequence. | |||
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}} | |||
{{tlevent | |||
|event='''1972''': [[Paul Berg]] creates the first recombinant DNA molecules, using restriction enzymes. This technology will be the beginning of the biotechnology industry. | |||
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}} | |||
{{tlevent | |||
|event='''1973''': | |||
*[[Annie Chang]] and [[Stanley Cohen]] showed that a recombinant DNA molecule can be maintained and replicated in E. coli. | |||
*[[Joseph Sambrook]] refined [[DNA electrophoresis]] (first described in 1953) by using an agarose gel and staining the DNA with [[ethidium bromide]]. | |||
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}} | |||
{{tlevent | |||
|event='''1975''': | |||
*An International meeting at [[Asilomar, California]] provided guidelines regulating recombinant DNA experimentation. | |||
*[[Ed Southern]] developed the [[Southern blot]] for DNA. This name inspires similar blotting techniques for RNA ([[northern blot]]) and protein ([[western blot]]). | |||
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}} | |||
{{tlevent | |||
|event='''1976''': [[Herbert Boyer]] cofounds [[Genentech]], the first firm founded in the United States to apply recombinant DNA technology | |||
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}} | |||
{{tlevent | |||
|event='''1977''': [[Frederick Sanger]], [[Allan Maxam]], and [[Walter Gilbert]] developed the chain termination (dideoxy) method for sequencing DNA. | |||
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}} | |||
{{tlevent | |||
|event='''1978''': [[Somatostatin]], which regulates [[human growth hormone]]s, is the first human protein made using recombinant technology. | |||
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}} | |||
{{tlevent | |||
|event='''1980''': [[Mark Skolnick]], [[Ray White]], [[David Botstein]], and [[Ronald Davis]] create [[RFLP marker]] map of [[human genome]]. | |||
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}} | |||
{{tlevent | |||
|event='''1981''': Three independent research teams announced the discovery of human [[oncogene]]s (cancer genes). | |||
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}} | |||
{{tlevent | |||
|event='''1983''': [[James Gusella]] demonstrate that the [[Huntington's disease]] gene is on chromosome 4. | |||
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}} | |||
{{tlevent | |||
|event='''1985''': | |||
*[[Kary Mullis]] published a paper describing the [[polymerase chain reaction]] (PCR) a technique to amplify specific DNA sequences from minutes quantities of starting material. | |||
*[[Alec Jeffreys]] devised a technique that uses DNA polymorphisms to distinguish between different individuals. He later coined the term [[DNA fingerprinting]] and this is now impotant for many paternity, immigration, and murder cases. | |||
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}} | |||
{{tlevent | |||
|event='''1986''': [[Leroy Hood]] and [[Lloyd Smith]] automate DNA sequencing with the goal of sequencing whole genomes. | |||
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}} | |||
{{tlevent | |||
|event='''1987''': US DOE officially begins [[human genome project]]. | |||
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}} | |||
{{tlevent | |||
|event='''1990''': | |||
*[[BLAST algorithm]] developed to align DNA sequences and is the key to comparative genomics. | |||
*The first occurance of gene replacement therapy to repair a defective ADA gene in a four year old girls T-cells. | |||
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}} | |||
{{tlevent | |||
|event='''1993''': FlavrSavr tomatoes are the first genetically modified organisms to be marketed. They were engineered to ripen more slowly for longer shelf life. | |||
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}} | |||
{{tlevent | |||
|event='''1995''': | |||
*[[Patrick Brown]] and Stanford University colleagues invent [[DNA microarray]] technology. | |||
*Researchers at The Institute for Genomic Research publish first genome sequence of free-living organism: ''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]''. | |||
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}} | |||
{{tlevent | |||
|event='''1998''': NIH begins the Single Nucleotide Polymorphism ([[SNP]]) project to reveal human genetic variation. | |||
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|color=#FFF | |||
}} | |||
{{tlevent | |||
|event='''1999''': First human chromosome sequence published. | |||
|width=80% | |||
|color=#FFF | |||
}} | |||
{{tlevent | |||
|event='''2000''': Fruit fly genome sequenced using Celera’s whole-genome shotgun method. | |||
|width=80% | |||
|color=#FFF | |||
}} | |||
{{tlevent | |||
|event='''2001''': Science and Nature publish annotations and analyses of human genome. | |||
|width=80% | |||
|color=#FFF | |||
}} | |||
{{tlevent | |||
|event='''2005''': [[HapMap]] published giving a huge resource of SNP's and information relating to human variation. | |||
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}} | }} | ||
|} | |} | ||
Revision as of 21:16, 10 April 2008
1866: Gregor Mendel identifies inheritance "factors" in pea plants.
1869: Friedrich Miescher isolates “nuclein” (DNA) from infected wounds.
1910: Thomas Hunt Morgan proposed a theory of sex-linked inheritance for the first mutation discovered in the fruit fly, Drosophila, white eye.
1913: Morgan and Alfred Sturtevant propose principle of gene linkage leading to the first genetic map.
1927: Hermann J. Muller Used x-rays to cause artificial gene mutations in Drosophila.
1928: Frederick Griffith demonstrates a "transforming factor" that can transmit the ability of bacteria to cause pneumonia in mice.
1929: Phoebus Levene describes building blocks of DNA, including four types of base A,C, T, and G.
1931: Harriet Creighton and Barbara McClintock Demonstrated the cytological proof for crossing-over in maize.
1941: George Beadle and Edward Tatum prove that a gene can produce its effect by regulating particular enzymes.
1944: Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty purified the transforming factor proposed in Griffith's experiment and show it is not protein, but DNA.
Late 1940s: Barbara McClintock developed the hypothesis of transposable elements.
1950:
1951: Rosalind Franklin created a high quality X-ray diffraction photograph to reveal more detail of the repeating structure of DNA.
1953: Francis Crick and James Watson deduce the three-dimensional structure of the DNA molecule using a combination of experimental data and model building.
1958
1966: Marshall Nirenberg and Gobind Khorana crack the genetic code linking the DNA sequence of nucleotides to the protein sequence of amino acid residues.
1967: Discovery of DNA ligase.
1969: FISH
1970:
1972: Paul Berg creates the first recombinant DNA molecules, using restriction enzymes. This technology will be the beginning of the biotechnology industry.
1973:
1975:
1976: Herbert Boyer cofounds Genentech, the first firm founded in the United States to apply recombinant DNA technology
1977: Frederick Sanger, Allan Maxam, and Walter Gilbert developed the chain termination (dideoxy) method for sequencing DNA.
1978: Somatostatin, which regulates human growth hormones, is the first human protein made using recombinant technology.
1980: Mark Skolnick, Ray White, David Botstein, and Ronald Davis create RFLP marker map of human genome.
1981: Three independent research teams announced the discovery of human oncogenes (cancer genes).
1983: James Gusella demonstrate that the Huntington's disease gene is on chromosome 4.
1985:
1986: Leroy Hood and Lloyd Smith automate DNA sequencing with the goal of sequencing whole genomes.
1987: US DOE officially begins human genome project.
1990:
1993: FlavrSavr tomatoes are the first genetically modified organisms to be marketed. They were engineered to ripen more slowly for longer shelf life.
1995:
1998: NIH begins the Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) project to reveal human genetic variation.
1999: First human chromosome sequence published.
2000: Fruit fly genome sequenced using Celera’s whole-genome shotgun method.
2001: Science and Nature publish annotations and analyses of human genome.
2005: HapMap published giving a huge resource of SNP's and information relating to human variation.
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