Flue gas

Flue gas is gas that exits to the atmosphere via a flue which may be a pipe, channel or chimney for conveying combustion product gases from a fireplace, oven, furnace, boiler or steam generator.

Flue gases are produced when coal, fuel oil, natural gas, wood or any other fuel is combusted in an industrial furnace or boiler, a steam generator in a fossil fuel power plant or other combustion sources.

Flue gas composition

Flue gas is usually composed of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water vapor as well as nitrogen and excess oxygen remaining from the intake combustion air. It may also contain a small percentage of air pollutants such as particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides and mercury. Typically, more than two-thirds of the flue gas is nitrogen.

Table 1 provides the amounts of flue gas (on a dry basis as well as a wet basis) that are generated by burning a typical fuel gas, fuel oil or coal. The flue gas amounts were obtained by stoichiometric calculations using the indicated typical excess combustion air percentages:

Table 1: Flue gas generated by burning fossil fuels

Combustion data	Fuel gas	Fuel oil	Coal
Fuel properties:
Gross heating value, MJ/m³	43.01
Gross heating value, MJ/kg		43.50	25.92
Molecular mass	18
Specific gravity		0.9626
Carbon/hydrogen ratio by weight		8.1
weight % carbon			61.2
weight % hydrogen			4.3
weight % oxygen			7.4
weight % sulfur			3.9
weight % nitrogen			1.2
weight % ash			12.0
weight % moisture			10.0
Combustion air:
Excess combustion air, %	12	15	20
Wet combustion flue gas:
Wet combustion flue gas, m³/GJ of fuel	294.8	303.1	323.1
Molecular mass of wet combustion gas	27.7	29.0	29.5
Dry combustion flue gas:
Dry combustion flue gas, m³/GJ of fuel	241.6	269.3	293.6
Molecular mass of dry combustion gas	29.9	30.4	30.7
Notes: (1) Gas amounts (m³) are at 0 °C and 1 atm (2) Heating value = caloric value

Given the amount of gas, oil or coal fuel burned in a combustion device, then the flue gas generation data (i.e., m³/GJ of fuel) in Table 1 provides a basis for estimating the amount of flue gas generated.

Flue gas treatment

At power plants, flue gas is often treated with a series of chemical processes and scrubbers, which remove pollutants. Electrostatic precipitators or fabric filters remove particulate matter and flue gas desulfurization captures the sulfur dioxide produced by burning fossil fuels, particularly coal.

Nitrogen oxides emissions are reduced either by modifications to the combustion process to prevent their formation, or by catalytic reaction with ammonia or urea. In either case, the aim is to produce nitrogen gas, rather than nitrogen oxides.

In the United States, there is also a rapid deployment of technologies to remove mercury from flue gas - typically by adsorption on sorbents or by capture in inert solids as part of the flue gas desulfurization product.

Technologies for the removal and capture of carbon dioxide from flue gases are now under active research and development as a means of reducing the emissions of so-called greenhouse gas.