User:Milton Beychok/Sandbox: Difference between revisions

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The '''Royal Dutch Meteorological Institute''' (KNMI) ([[Dutch Language|Dutch:]]''Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut'') is the Dutch national weather forecasting service and has its headquarters in [[De Bilt]], in the province of [[Utrecht]], [[Netherlands]].


KNMI is also the national research and information centre for climate change, atmospheric dispersion modelling and [[seismology]].
==Primary tasks of KNMI==
The primary tasks of KNMI are weather forecasting, monitoring of  [[climate]], [[climate change]]s, development and use of [[atmospheric dispersion modelling]] and monitoring [[seismic]] activity.
==Research at KNMI==
Applied research at KNMI is focused on three areas:<ref>[http://www.knmi.nl/onderzk/climate/research_programme.doc KNMI Research Programme, 2003-2007]</ref>
* Research aimed at improving the quality, usefulness and accessibility of [[meteorology|meteorological]] and [[oceanography|oceanographical]] data in support of operational weather forecasting and other applications of such data.
* Climate-related research on oceanography; [[planetary boundary layer|atmospheric boundary layer]] processes, clouds and radiation; the chemical composition of the [[Earth's atmosphere|atmosphere]] (e.g. ozone); climate variability research; the analysis of climate, climate variability and climatic change;  modelling support and policy support to the Dutch Government with respect to climate and climatic change.
* Seismological research as well as monitoring of seismic activity ([[earthquake]]s).
==KNMI's development of atmospheric dispersion models==
KNMI's applied research also encompasses the development and operational use of [[atmospheric dispersion modeling|atmospheric dispersion model]]s.<ref>{{cite book | author=Turner, D.B. | title=Workbook of atmospheric dispersion estimates: an introduction to dispersion modeling| edition=2nd Edition| publisher=CRC Press | year=1994 | id=ISBN 1-56670-023-X }}  [http://www.crcpress.com/shopping_cart/products/product_detail.asp?sku=L1023&parent_id=&pc= www.crcpress.com]</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Beychok, Milton R.|title=Fundamentals Of Stack Gas Dispersion|edition=4th Edition|publisher=author-published|year=2005|id=ISBN 0-9644588-0-2}} [http://www.air-dispersion.com www.air-dispersion.com]</ref>
Whenever a disaster occurs within [[Europe]] which causes the emission of [[toxic]] gases or [[radioactive]] material into the atmosphere, it is of utmost importance to quickly determine where the [[Air pollution dispersion terminology|atmospheric plume]] of toxic material is being transported by the prevailing winds and other meteorological factors. At such times, KNMI activates a special calamity service. For this purpose, a group of seven meteorologists is constantly on call day or night. KNMI's role in supplying information during emergencies is included in municipal and provincial disaster management plans. Civil services, fire departments and the police can be provided with weather and other relevant information directly by the meteorologist on duty, through dedicated telephone connections. 
KNMI has available two atmospheric dispersion models for use by their calamity service:
* PUFF - In cooperation with the '''[[Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment]]''' (Dutch: ''Rijks Instituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieuhygiene'' or simply ''RIVM''), KNMI has developed the dispersion model PUFF. It has been designed to calculate the dispersion of [[air pollution]] on European scales.  The model was originally tested by using measurements of the dispersion of radioactivity caused by the accident in the nuclear power plant of [[Chernobyl disaster|Chernobyl]] in 1986. A few years later, in 1994, a dedicated dispersion experiment called ETEX (European Tracer EXperiment) was carried out, which also provided useful data for further testing of PUFF.
* CALM - CALM is a CALamity Model designed for the calculation of air pollution dispersion on small spatial scales, within the Netherlands. The [[algorithm]]s and [[parameter]]s contained in the CALM model are practically identical to that of the PUFF model. However, the meteorological input can only be supplied manually in CALM. The user provides both observed and predicted values for wind velocity at the 10 meter height level, the [[Air pollution dispersion terminology|atmospheric stability classification]] and the [[Air pollution dispersion terminology|mixing height]]. After the model calculations have been performed, a map is created and displayed with the derived trajectories of the pollution plume and an indication of how and where the cloud will disperse.
==References==
<references/>

Revision as of 17:50, 21 February 2008

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