Systolic hypertension: Difference between revisions
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In [[medicine]], '''systolic hypertension''' is a form of [[hypertension]] that is defined as an elevated [[systolic blood pressure]] with a normal [[diastolic blood pressure]]. Systolic hypertension may be due to reduced compliance of the aorta with increasing age<ref name="pmid10651605">Smulyan H, Safar ME. The diastolic blood pressure in systolic hypertension. Ann Intern Med. 2000 Feb 1;132(3):233-7. PMID 10651605</ref>. | |||
==Treatment== | ==Treatment== | ||
Two [[randomized-controlled trial]]s have established the value of treating systolic hypertension<ref name="pmid2046107"> | Two [[randomized-controlled trial]]s have established the value of treating systolic hypertension<ref name="pmid2046107">{{cite journal| author=| title=Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension. Final results of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). SHEP Cooperative Research Group. | journal=JAMA | year= 1991 | volume= 265 | issue= 24 | pages= 3255-64 | pmid=2046107 | doi=10.1001/jama.1991.03460240051027 | pmc= | url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/content/265/24/3255.abstract }} </ref><ref name="pmid9297994">Staessen JA, Fagard R, Thijs L, Celis H, Arabidze GG, Birkenhager WH, et al. Randomised double-blind comparison of placebo and active treatment for older patients with isolated systolic hypertension. The Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) Trial Investigators Lancet. 1997;350:757-64. PMID 9297994</ref>. | ||
===SHEP study=== | ===SHEP study=== | ||
This [[randomized-controlled trial]] showed a reduction of three strokes per 100 patients treated for five years<ref name=" | This [[randomized-controlled trial]] showed a reduction of three strokes per 100 patients treated for five years<ref name="pmid10510985">{{cite journal| author=Somes GW, Pahor M, Shorr RI, Cushman WC, Applegate WB| title=The role of diastolic blood pressure when treating isolated systolic hypertension. | journal=Arch Intern Med | year= 1999 | volume= 159 | issue= 17 | pages= 2004-9 | pmid=10510985 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref><ref name="pmid2046107">{{cite journal| author=| title=Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension. Final results of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). SHEP Cooperative Research Group. | journal=JAMA | year= 1991 | volume= 265 | issue= 24 | pages= 3255-64 | pmid=2046107 | doi=10.1001/jama.1991.03460240051027 | pmc= | url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/content/265/24/3255.abstract }} </ref><ref name="pmid8478043">{{cite journal| author=| title=Implications of the systolic hypertension in the elderly program. The Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program Cooperative Research Group. | journal=Hypertension | year= 1993 | volume= 21 | issue= 3 | pages= 335-43 | pmid=8478043 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref> | ||
* Patients: inclusion criteria were SBP greater than 160 to 219 mm Hg and DBP less than 90 mm Hg. Mean initial BP was 170/77. | * Patients: inclusion criteria were SBP greater than 160 to 219 mm Hg and DBP less than 90 mm Hg. Mean initial BP was 170/77. | ||
* Treatment goal: 20 mmHg reduction in systolic pressure or a systolic pressure of less than 160 mm Hg, whichever was lower | * Treatment goal: 20 mmHg reduction in systolic pressure or a systolic pressure of less than 160 mm Hg, whichever was lower | ||
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* Treatment goal: "We aimed to reduce the sitting systolic blood pressure by at least 20 mm Hg to less than 150 mm Hg" | * Treatment goal: "We aimed to reduce the sitting systolic blood pressure by at least 20 mm Hg to less than 150 mm Hg" | ||
* Mean final blood pressure in the treatment group: 151/79. 44% of patients reached the target blood pressure goals. | * Mean final blood pressure in the treatment group: 151/79. 44% of patients reached the target blood pressure goals. | ||
===SHELL Study=== | |||
"In elderly patients with isolated systolic hypertension, administration of lacidipine or chlorthalidone markedly reduced systolic blood pressure with no difference in the incidence of cardiovascular events and total mortality." according to an unblinded [[randomized controlled trial]]. <ref name="pmid12875478">{{cite journal| author=Malacco E, Mancia G, Rappelli A, Menotti A, Zuccaro MS, Coppini A et al.| title=Treatment of isolated systolic hypertension: the SHELL study results. | journal=Blood Press | year= 2003 | volume= 12 | issue= 3 | pages= 160-7 | pmid=12875478 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref> | |||
===The treatment goal=== | ===The treatment goal=== | ||
Based on these studies, treating to a [[systolic blood pressure]] of 140, as long as the [[diastolic blood pressure]] is 68 or more seems safe. Corroborating this, a re-analysis of the SHEP data suggest that allowing the diastolic to go below 70 may increase adverse effects.<ref name=" | Based on these studies, treating to a [[systolic blood pressure]] of 140, as long as the [[diastolic blood pressure]] is 68 or more seems safe. Corroborating this, a re-analysis of the SHEP data suggest that allowing the diastolic to go below 70 may increase adverse effects.<ref name="pmid10510985">{{cite journal| author=Somes GW, Pahor M, Shorr RI, Cushman WC, Applegate WB| title=The role of diastolic blood pressure when treating isolated systolic hypertension. | journal=Arch Intern Med | year= 1999 | volume= 159 | issue= 17 | pages= 2004-9 | pmid=10510985 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref><ref name="pmid2046107"/> | ||
A [[meta-analysis]] of individual-patient data from [[randomized controlled trial]]s found that the nadir [[diastolic blood pressure]] below which cardiovascular outcomes increase is 85 mm Hg for untreated hypertensives and 85 mm Hg for treated hypertensives.<ref name="pmid11900496">{{cite journal |author=Boutitie F, Gueyffier F, Pocock S, Fagard R, Boissel JP |title=J-shaped relationship between blood pressure and mortality in hypertensive patients: new insights from a meta-analysis of individual-patient data |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=136 |issue=6 |pages=438-48 |year=2002 |pmid=11900496 |doi=}}</ref> The authors concluded "poor health conditions leading to low blood pressure and an increased risk for death probably explain the J-shaped curve".<ref name="pmid11900496"/> Interpreting the [[meta-analysis]] is difficult, but avoiding a [[diastolic blood pressure]] below 68-70 mm Hg seems reasonable because: | A [[meta-analysis]] of individual-patient data from [[randomized controlled trial]]s found that the nadir [[diastolic blood pressure]] below which cardiovascular outcomes increase is 85 mm Hg for untreated hypertensives and 85 mm Hg for treated hypertensives.<ref name="pmid11900496">{{cite journal |author=Boutitie F, Gueyffier F, Pocock S, Fagard R, Boissel JP |title=J-shaped relationship between blood pressure and mortality in hypertensive patients: new insights from a meta-analysis of individual-patient data |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=136 |issue=6 |pages=438-48 |year=2002 |pmid=11900496 |doi=}}</ref> The authors concluded "poor health conditions leading to low blood pressure and an increased risk for death probably explain the J-shaped curve".<ref name="pmid11900496"/> Interpreting the [[meta-analysis]] is difficult, but avoiding a [[diastolic blood pressure]] below 68-70 mm Hg seems reasonable because: | ||
Revision as of 22:35, 2 October 2011
In medicine, systolic hypertension is a form of hypertension that is defined as an elevated systolic blood pressure with a normal diastolic blood pressure. Systolic hypertension may be due to reduced compliance of the aorta with increasing age[1].
Treatment
Two randomized-controlled trials have established the value of treating systolic hypertension[2][3].
SHEP study
This randomized-controlled trial showed a reduction of three strokes per 100 patients treated for five years[4][2][5]
- Patients: inclusion criteria were SBP greater than 160 to 219 mm Hg and DBP less than 90 mm Hg. Mean initial BP was 170/77.
- Treatment goal: 20 mmHg reduction in systolic pressure or a systolic pressure of less than 160 mm Hg, whichever was lower
- Mean final blood pressure in the treatment group: 143/68
Syst-Eur Trial
This randomized-controlled trial showed a reduction of 0.3 strokes per 100 patients treated for a median follow-up of two years[3].
- Patients: inclusion criteria were systolic of 160-219 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure lower than 95 mm Hg. Average was 174/86.
- Treatment goal: "We aimed to reduce the sitting systolic blood pressure by at least 20 mm Hg to less than 150 mm Hg"
- Mean final blood pressure in the treatment group: 151/79. 44% of patients reached the target blood pressure goals.
SHELL Study
"In elderly patients with isolated systolic hypertension, administration of lacidipine or chlorthalidone markedly reduced systolic blood pressure with no difference in the incidence of cardiovascular events and total mortality." according to an unblinded randomized controlled trial. [6]
The treatment goal
Based on these studies, treating to a systolic blood pressure of 140, as long as the diastolic blood pressure is 68 or more seems safe. Corroborating this, a re-analysis of the SHEP data suggest that allowing the diastolic to go below 70 may increase adverse effects.[4][2]
A meta-analysis of individual-patient data from randomized controlled trials found that the nadir diastolic blood pressure below which cardiovascular outcomes increase is 85 mm Hg for untreated hypertensives and 85 mm Hg for treated hypertensives.[7] The authors concluded "poor health conditions leading to low blood pressure and an increased risk for death probably explain the J-shaped curve".[7] Interpreting the meta-analysis is difficult, but avoiding a diastolic blood pressure below 68-70 mm Hg seems reasonable because:
- The nadir value of 85 mm Hg for treated hypertensives in the meta-analysis is higher than the value of 68-70 mm Hg that is the nadir suggested by the two major randomized controlled trials of isolated systolic hypertension
- The two largest trials in the meta-analysis, Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program (HDFP)[8] and Medical Research Council trial in mild hypertension (MRC1)[9] were predominantly middle aged subjects, all of whom had diastolic hypertension before treatment.
- The independent contributions of incidental comorbid diseases versus effects of treatment are not clear in the meta-analysis
References
- ↑ Smulyan H, Safar ME. The diastolic blood pressure in systolic hypertension. Ann Intern Med. 2000 Feb 1;132(3):233-7. PMID 10651605
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 (1991) "Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension. Final results of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). SHEP Cooperative Research Group.". JAMA 265 (24): 3255-64. DOI:10.1001/jama.1991.03460240051027. PMID 2046107. Research Blogging.
Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "pmid2046107" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 3.0 3.1 Staessen JA, Fagard R, Thijs L, Celis H, Arabidze GG, Birkenhager WH, et al. Randomised double-blind comparison of placebo and active treatment for older patients with isolated systolic hypertension. The Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) Trial Investigators Lancet. 1997;350:757-64. PMID 9297994
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Somes GW, Pahor M, Shorr RI, Cushman WC, Applegate WB (1999). "The role of diastolic blood pressure when treating isolated systolic hypertension.". Arch Intern Med 159 (17): 2004-9. PMID 10510985. [e]
- ↑ (1993) "Implications of the systolic hypertension in the elderly program. The Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program Cooperative Research Group.". Hypertension 21 (3): 335-43. PMID 8478043. [e]
- ↑ Malacco E, Mancia G, Rappelli A, Menotti A, Zuccaro MS, Coppini A et al. (2003). "Treatment of isolated systolic hypertension: the SHELL study results.". Blood Press 12 (3): 160-7. PMID 12875478. [e]
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Boutitie F, Gueyffier F, Pocock S, Fagard R, Boissel JP (2002). "J-shaped relationship between blood pressure and mortality in hypertensive patients: new insights from a meta-analysis of individual-patient data". Ann. Intern. Med. 136 (6): 438-48. PMID 11900496. [e]
- ↑ (1979) "Five-year findings of the hypertension detection and follow-up program. I. Reduction in mortality of persons with high blood pressure, including mild hypertension. Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program Cooperative Group". JAMA 242 (23): 2562-71. PMID 490882. [e]
- ↑ (1985) "MRC trial of treatment of mild hypertension: principal results. Medical Research Council Working Party". British medical journal (Clinical research ed.) 291 (6488): 97-104. PMID 2861880. [e]