Civil society

Civil society refers to the arena of uncoerced collective action around shared interests, purposes and values. In theory, its institutional forms are distinct from those of the state, family and market, though in practice, the boundaries between state, civil society, family and market are often complex, blurred and negotiated. Civil society commonly embraces a diversity of spaces, actors and institutional forms, varying in their degree of formality, autonomy and power. Civil societies are often populated by organisations such as registered charities, development non-governmental organisations, community groups, women's organisations, faith-based organisations, professional associations, trade unions, self-help groups, social movements, business associations, coalitions and advocacy groups.

Origin

The term is often traced to 18th century Scottish social philosopher Adam Ferguson, who saw the development of a "commercial state" as a way to change the corrupt feudal order and strengthen the liberty of the individual. While Ferguson did not draw a line between the state and the society, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, the 19th century German philosopher, made this distinction in his Elements of the Philosophy of Right.. Hegel used the term "buergerliche Gesellschaft" though it is now referred to as Zivilgesellschaft in German to emphasize a more inclusive community. Hegel said civil society was a stage on the dialectical relationship between Hegel's perceived opposites, the macro-community of the state and the micro-community of the family. Broadly speaking, the term was split, like Hegel's followers, to the political left and right. On the left, it became the foundation for Karl Marx's bourgeois society; to the right it became a description for all non-state aspects of society, expanding out of the economic rigidity of Marxism into culture, society and politics.

Bibliography

• Pelczynski, A.Z.; 1984; 'The Significance of Hegel's separation of the state and civil society' pp1-13 in Pelczynski, A.Z. (ed.); 1984; The State and Civil Society; Cambridge University Press

Further Reading

• Anheier, Helmut K. and Regina List. 2005. A dictionary of civil society, philanthropy, and the non-profit sector. London ; New York: Routledge.
  
• Edwards, Michael. 2004. Civil society. Malden, MA: Polity Press.
  
• Heinrich, Volkhart and CIVICUS (Association). 2007. Civicus global survey of the state of civil society. Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press.
  
• McCarthy, Kathleen D. 2001. Women, philanthropy, and civil society. Philanthropic studies. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  
• Putnam, Robert. 2000. Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of american community. New York: Simon and Schuster.
  
• Skocpol, Theda. 2003. Diminished democracy : From membership to management in american civic life. The julian j. Rothbaum distinguished lecture series ; v. 8. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
• Tönnies, Ferdinand and José Harris. 2001. Community and civil society. Cambridge texts in the history of political thought. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  
• Van Til, Jon. 2000. Growing civil society : From nonprofit sector to third space. Philanthropic studies. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  
• Wuthnow, Robert. 2004. Saving america? : Faith-based services and the future of civil society. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.

Selected External Links

Center for Civil Society Studies (Johns Hopkins University)
Civil Society Institute
The United Nations and Civil Society
Civil Society Institute (Santa Clara University)
Centre for Civil Society (London School of Economics)