United States Navy

File:US Navy Seal.jpg

Seal of the United States Navy

The United States Navy is a branch of the United States Armed Forces.

As is the case with other nations' navies around the world, the U.S. Navy is charged with sea operations in both international and United States waters.

"The mission of the Navy is to maintain, train and equip combat-ready Naval forces capable of winning wars, deterring aggression and maintaining freedom of the seas."

History

American Revolution

see American Revolution, naval history

The Navy was created to fight the [[American Revolution on October 13, 1775 when the American Continental Congress voted to fit out two sailing vessels, armed with ten carriage guns, as well as swivel guns, and manned by crews of eighty, and to send them out on a cruise of three months to intercept transports carrying munitions and stores to the British army in America. The Royal Navy was so powerful it blockaded the American coast and moved the British army from point to point at will. The American Navy's role was to attack British shipping, while avoiding direct combat. John Paul Jones, briefly an officer in the American Navy, gained fame with his astonishing victory in the "Bonhomme Richard" over the British frigate "Serapis" (Sept. 23, 1779), Jones however never received another ship and joined the Russian navy.

Several states operated their own navies--the Massachusetts fleet led by Captain Dudley Saltonstall (called commodore while commanding a fleet) with 18 ships attacked a British outpost at Penobscot Bay in Maine in 1779; it was trapped and destroyed as the sailors fled and the ships were all burned or captured.

New Nation: 1789-1860

Naval affairs became politicized in the 1790s. the Federalist Party, especially under John Adams favored the Navy and built fast frigates as cruisers to intercept enemy shipping. American naval power made itself felt in the "Quasi War", an undeclared naval war between the U.S. and France (1798-1800). The Jeffersonian Republicans opposed Navy as elitist. Thomas Jefferson put in place the strategy of defending American harbors by fleets of small gunboats; the strategy proved a failure in the War of 1812 as the British landed forces behind the ports and captured them overland. Stephen Decatur led successful expeditions against the Barbary pirates during the Barbary Wars (1801-1805; 1815) fought between the United States and Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli; but he was also famed for his defeat and capture of the British frigate "Macedonian" in the War of 1812.

Numerous one-on-one engagement of the War of 1812 became famous for their courage, if not for their importance. One took place between the U.S.S. Constitution ("Old Ironsides"), commanded by Capt. Isaac Hull, and the British frigate Guerrière, culminating in a brilliant U.S. victory (August 19, 1812). More important was gaining control of Lake Erie and with it the western frontier. That was the achievement of the Battle of Lake Erie (Sept. 10, 1813) when the U.S. fleet, in command of Oliver Hazard Perry, was attacked by a superior British naval force. Perry's decisive victory gave the U.S. control of Lake Erie, precluded a British invasion of the Ohio Valley, and permitted an American attack upon upper Canada. It also marked the first time in history in which Britain lost an entire naval squadron by surrendering. Perry's victory was the only important fleet engagement in the War of 1812, American strategy on the oceans being devoted to single ship action and commerce raiding.

After 1815, the U.S. Navy dispersed its ships around the globe to protect American commerce. It professionalized the officer corps, with the Naval Academy (1854). It experimented with steam propulsion and sponsored overseas explorations, notably the Pacific expedition (1838-1842) of Lieutenant Charles Wilkes. In the Mexican War (1846-1848) the Navy transported troops, participated in amphibious assaults, and blockaded the Mexican coast. The Navy's most dramatic exploit was the "opening" of Japan by Commodore Matthew C. Perry in 1854

Civil War

When the Civil War broke out in 1861, the North controlled most of the ships, officers, seamen, and shipyards. Most of the riverboat captains and engineers were northerners who went North, taking their boats with them. The Confederacy lacked a naval tradition, warships or an industrial infrastructure. It seized many Union ships in Southern ports, but was unable to make use of them. However it did raise the frigate scuttled Merrimack after capturing the Norfolk navy yard) and made it into an ironclad. For a single day the Merrimack, renamed the Virginia, threatened to destroy the blockading Union Navy of wooden ships. But the Northern ironclad Monitor showed up, neutralizing the Virginia, which the Confederates burned. The low-slung Monitor was equipped with a revolving gun turret, an epoch-making development in naval warfare. Naval warfare was entirely one-sided affair, as the Union built hundreds of gunboats that took control of the southern river system, as well as ships to blockade the southern ports. 95% of Southern exports were shut down as well as the usual coastal and river trade, The South contracted with the British who built a few commerce raiders, notably the Alabama, which was finally tracked down and sunk off the coast of France. More important the British built and operated a fleet of blockade runners that shipped munitions and luxuries into the Southern bringing out a little cotton and tobacco.

World War II

see World War II, Pacific

Bibliography

Surveys

• Deacon, Richard. The Silent War -- A History of Western Naval Intelligence (1988).
• Howarth, Stephen. To Shining Sea -- A History of the United States Navy, 1775-1991 (1991).
• Love, Robert W. History of the US Navy: 1942-1991 (1992) excerpt and text search
• Love, Robert W. History of the US Navy: 1775-1941 (1992) excerpt and text search
• Potter, E. B. Sea Power: A Naval History (1982)

1775 to 1940

• Anderson, Bern. By Sea and by River: The Naval History of the Civil War (1989) excerpt and text search
• Coggins, Jack. Ships and Seamen of the American Revolution (1969). encyclopedic survey of the ships, cannon, gear, sailors , tactics, and actions of U.S. and British navies.
• Feuer, A.B. The U.S. Navy in World War I: Combat at Sea and in the Air 1999 online edition
• Fowler, William M., Jr. Rebels Under Sail: The American Navy During the Revolution (1976). a topical analysis of the operations and administration of the Continental Navy
• Fowler, William M. Jack Tars and Commodores: The American Navy, 1783-1815 (1984), popular
• Harrod, Frederick S. The Manning of the New Navy: The Development of a Modern Naval Enlisted Force, 1899-1940 (1978). By 1930 the navy successfully recruited and trained a nearly permanent force of technically skilled career seamen
• Mahan, Alfred Thayer. The influence of sea power upon the War of 1812 2 vols (1905) online edition
• McKee , Christopher. A Gentlemanly and Honorable Profession: The Creation of the U.S. Naval Officer Corps, 1794-1815 (1991).
• Miller, Nathan. Sea of Glory: A Naval History of the American Revolution (1974); covers all aspects of the naval war
• Morison, Samuel Eliot. John Paul Jones (1959), Pulitzer Prize excerpt and text search
• Nash, Howard P., Jr. The Forgotten Wars: The Role of the U. S. Navy in the Quasi War with France and the Barbary Wars, 1798-1805 (1968).
• Palmer, Michael A. Stoddert's War: Naval Operations During the Quasi-War with France, 1798-1801 (1987).
• Puleston, W. D. The Life and Work of Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan, U.S.N 1939 online edition
• Roosevelt, Theodore. The Naval War of 1812 (1882). eText at Project Gutenberg
• Skaggs, David Curtis. Thomas Mcdonough: Master of Command in the Early U.S. Navy. Naval Institute Press, 2003. 257 pp.
• Thomas, Evan. John Paul Jones: Sailor, Hero, Father of the American Navy (2003) excerpt and text search
• Toll, Ian W. Six Frigates: The Epic History of the Founding of the U.S. Navy (2006)
• Tucker, Spencer C. The Jeffersonian Gunboat Navy (1993).

World War II

• Blair, Clay Jr. Silent Victory: The U.S. Submarine War Against Japan (1975).
• Hoyt, Edwin P. Submarines at War: The History of the American Silent Service (1983), popular
• King, Ernest J. U.S. Navy at War, 1941-1945: Official Reports to the Secretary of the Navy (1946) online edition
• Lindley, John M. Carrier Victory: The Air War in the Pacific (1978).
• Love, Robert W. History of the US Navy: 1942-1991 (1992) excerpt and text search
• Morison, Samuel Eliot. The Two-Ocean War: A Short History of the United States Navy in the Second World War (1963), one-volume version of his massive 15 vol history (1947-62) of combat operations:
  • The Battle of the Atlantic: September 1939 - May 1943
  • Operations in North African Waters: October 1942 - June 1943
  • The Rising Sun in the Pacific: 1931 - April 1942
  • Coral Sea, Midway, and Submarine Actions: May 1942 - August 1942
  • The Struggle for Guadalcanal: August 1942 - February 1943
  • Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier: 22 July 1942 - 1 May 1944
  • Aleutians, Gilberts, and Marshalls: June 1942 - April 1944
  • New Guinea and the Marianas: March 1944 - August 1944
  • Sicily - Salerno - Anzio: January 1943 - June 1944
  • The Atlantic Battle Won: May 1943 - May 1945
  • The Invasion of France and Germany: 1944 - 1945
  • Leyte: June 1944 - January 1945
  • The Liberation of the Philippines: Luzon, Mindanao, the Visayas: 1944 - 1945
  • Victory in the Pacific: 1945
  • Supplement and General Index
• Potter, E.B. Nimitz (1988)
• Prange, Gordon W. Miracle at Midway (1982).
• Reynolds, Clark G. The Fast Carriers: Forging of an Air Navy (1968).
• Turnbull, Archibald D. and Clifford Lord. History of United States Naval Aviation (1949).
• Willmott, H. P. The Barrier and the Javelin: Japanese and Allied Pacific Strategies, February to June, 1942 (1983). The Japanese island-centered strategy was flawed because it spread their forces thin & allowed USN to concentrate its forces to stop the Japanese at the Coral Sea and then to win at Midway.
• Woodward, C. Vann. The Battle of Leyte Gulf (1947)
• Y'Blood, William T. Red Sun Setting: The Battle of the Philippine Sea (1981), popular narrative

Cold war and after

• Brasher, Bart. Implosion: Downsizing the U.S. Military, 1987-2015 (2000) online edition
• Duncan, Francis. Rickover and the Nuclear Navy (1990).
• Hartmann, Frederick H. Naval Renaissance -- The U.S. Navy in the 1980s (1990).
• Lehman, John F., Jr. Command of the Seas: Building the 600 Ship Navy (1989).
• Love, Robert W. History of the US Navy: 1942-1991 (1992) excerpt and text search
• Polmar, Norman. The American Submarine (1981). well-illustrated popular history
• Ryan, Paul B. First Line of Defense -- The U.S. Navy Since 1945 (1981)